In India, pepper thrives in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and parts of Northeastern states. It requires humid tropical conditions, rich loamy soils, shade, and heavy rainfall. The process of steam distillation, solvent extraction, or CO2 extraction are used to obtain essential oil and oleoresin. Black pepper derivatives are used extensively in flavourings, perfumery, pharmaceuticals, FMCG products, and functional foods. The supply of black pepper remains limited across origins leading to a steady but guarded behaviour in the market. In Sri Lanka, heavy rains delayed the harvest in Kandy, reducing output by almost 20%. The availability of high-piperine berries is also scarce.

Harvest season has concluded in Vietnam and fresh arrivals are not expected before January-February. Sowing has also decreased by 15-20% in the region, putting further strain on the supply. Farmers across regions are holding back larger harvests due to low prices. Once demand for black pepper picks, the tight supply will result in firming prices.