Pelargonium graveolens originated in South Africa, but is also grown in Reunion, Madagascar, Morocco and Egypt. It grows two to three feet high and likes a warm, dry climate.
Seeding usually occurs late in the year around November and December with the first cut and distillation occurring in June. Then the plant continues to grow until the second cut around October.
Egypt has the largest commercial plantations of any African country and can produce 40 MT in any one year, second only to that of China
Often referred to as 'Rose Geranium Oil' this is one of the most important and most commonly used ingredients in perfumery.
France and the USA are cited as the world's largest importers; however, it is assumed that France is the biggest consumer (for fine fragrance).
Geranium oil is extracted from the shoot of the plant through steam distillation. The shoot is boiled in water, and the steam generated during this period carries geranium oil. The oil produced is rosy, green, and has a balancing aroma. It is heavily used in skincare, perfumery, aromatherapy, and wellness. Despite strong global demand, there is major turbulence in the geranium oil market in Egypt. It is being driven by speculation and stockpiling, as traders buy large quantities during harvest season and withhold them from the market. This has resulted
in an artificial tightened supply and inflated prices.
Stocks are being released in a controlled fashion, which is boosting market caution. Certain exporters are contributing to this turbulence by exaggerating shortages, even though actual production in 2025 has increased by 25% compared to last year.
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