Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: May - July

According to the most recent USDA report, Argentina’s lemon production in 2017/2018 is expected to reach 1.55 million metric tonnes (MMT). This is an increase of 100,000 MT compared with the last crop and partly arises from more favourable weather conditions. Exports of fresh lemons are expected to increase because of the larger production and also because of the reinstated new markets such as USA, Brazil, Mexico and the gradual expansion of non-traditional markets in Asia. Nevertheless, lemons destined for the processing industry are forecast to increase to 1.18 MMT from the 1.12 MMT processed from the previous crop.

However, Argentina’s current economic situation is probably the worst facing any emerging economy, having the potential for a severe recession alongside social and political unrest. A currency crisis has meant the Argentine peso has fallen by more than half in 2018, which should put downward pressure on lemon oil prices. However, rapid inflation is predicted to reach 44% in 2018, and combined with an interest rate rise to 60% has increased production costs. Also, in early September, as an “emergency measure,” a 12% export tax on FOB export prices was announced for all exports during 2019 and 2020. A cap was imposed so the tax cannot exceed 4 pesos per US dollar of the FOB export price (i.e. based on US$ 35 per kg export price the tax would be US$ 2.85). In late October the Macri Government agreed a US$ 57.1 billon bailout package with the IMF, which has brought some stability – but for how long? The market was further complicated by the USA’s imposition of a 3.8% duty on lemon oil imports from Argentina beginning November 1, 2018.

Highlights for Argentina:

• Supply and demand are in equilibrium
• Still an inventory of lemon oil to sell
• Price is lower than the last crop and has further decreased slightly in October 2018
• Exports of fresh lemons are expected to increase but the volume of lemons processed will also rise
• Argentina’s deteriorating economic situation is creating major challenges for the lemon sector

Blue Cypress Oil Callitris intratropica Harvest: All Year

The growing demand from the aromatherapy sector has led oil requirements to reach a new high. The demand and supply for this essential oil are relatively stable. Currently, there is material available with stable prices.

Buddawood Oil Eremophila mitchellii Harvest: March - October

The emerging advanced, and improved distillation facilities have increased capacity with larger batch sizes now available in the market. Furthermore, the newly adopted distillation processes have resulted in a change of oil colour from a dark brown shade to a lighter brown. Under current conditions, sales and production figures reveal steady progress, and continue to rise at a healthy rate. Currently, more material is offered for sale than demanded.

Eucalyptus Horistes Oil Eucalyptus kochii Harvest: April - November

Coupled with short supply, and limited offers, demand continues to rise. Eucalyptus originated from Australia, and, at present, there are over 200 species of eucalyptus available. Due to rising prices of Chinese eucalyptus, the Australian eucalyptus distillers have adopted new distillation processes to harvest, distil, and process several other eucalyptus trees like globulus, horistes, and radiata. Recently, there has been a surge in demand for eucalyptus horistes oil, but supplies continue to remain limited. Current production for horistes is 30-50 MT a year.

Eucalyptus Radiata Oil Eucalyptus radiata Harvest: April - November

Coupled with short supply and limited offers, demand continues to rise. Current production for radiata is 10-20 MT a year.

Lavender Oil Lavandula officinalis Harvest: July

There was a good crop this year. Nevertheless, prices increased because of the substantial shortfall of Bulgarian lavender oil. We anticipate that prices will remain stable over the next few months.

Lemon Myrtle Oil Backhousia citriodora Harvest: June - August

The new crop has just been harvested in October and the current year’s yield is noted to be good. The origin of Australia holds a top position in the aromatherapy sector because of the odour profile and high efficacy. Due to high demand and low production, the demand-supply figures remain inconsistent. In the past, most lemon myrtle trees were left unused without distilling. However, the growing interest for the oil in the aromatherapy market has led to demand touching new highs. Global demand has led to new producers entering the market. Prices have already risen dramatically, and are expected to increase further. New rejuvenation programmes are in place in order to increase supply over the next 3-5 years. We estimate 2018 production to be 1,500 kg, and in 2019, 2,000-3,000 kg. However, new areas are expected to make a significant contribution to the quantity of oil produced; future volume is expected to increase around 20-25 MT over the next five years.

Macadamia Oil Macadamia integrifolia Harvest: March - October

Macadamia oil is popular in cosmetic manufacturing and, in combination with other carrier oils, is perfect for massage and aromatherapy. A thin and light oil, it is absorbed quickly, and leaves a non-greasy feeling that nurtures and restores clearer, smoother, younger-looking skin. It is high in mono-unsaturated fatty acids, and contains palmitoleic acid (promotes soft skin), as well as omega 3, and omega 6 fatty acids. In strong demand by consumers around the world, macadamia oil is known for its wonderful antiageing properties. Demand for this essential oil has increased significantly. However, supply is currently stable, with sufficient stock availability.

Rosalina Oil Melaleuca ericifolia Harvest: April - November

The market continues to remain stable with an on-going production of rosalina oil. In Tasmania, processors have reported new potential production figures of 140 kg. In current market conditions, distillers are exploring ways of producing this oil in TuckiTucki. Aromatically, rosalina essential oil is a top note that has a fresh, lemony, and camphorous aroma.

Sandalwood Oil - Northern Queensland Santalum spicatum Harvest: March - October

Current demand for sandalwood oil is active, and the market is expected to be stable with good availability of stock. The supply and production remain constant.

Sandalwood Oil Album Santalum album Harvest: March - November

Due to continuing financial instability, market activity has gone down, and producers continue to remain unsteady. However, the market appears fairly stable with production and supply at an even balance amidst demand stability.

Sandalwood Oil Lanceolatum Santalum lanceolatum Harvest: March - October

The market welcomes sandalwood oil as a new entrant from Queensland sandalwood species. Traditionally, oil was used for incense and carving. New partnerships coming up in 2019 are expected to improve the supply chain at source thus ensuring continued success of this product in years to come. Production from East Coast – Queensland is expected to touch around 400 kg a month.

Smokey Myrtle Oil Leptospermum glaucesscens Harvest: November - January

The trend in 2018 shows a high demand with low supply. As a result, prices are expected to rise in the near future to meet the increased demand.

Tasmanian Mint Oil Mentha piperita

Demand for Tasmanian mint oil is soaring, especially in the aromatherapy sector. The good news is that new supply sources have been found in mainland Australia. New material should be entering the market shortly, as the harvest season will commence in January.

Tea Tree Oil Melaleuca alternifolia Harvest: May - November

Favourable weather conditions along with sufficient rainfall have led to positive forecasts, indicating a sizeable harvest in 2018. This season’s harvest saw increased volumes of around 10-15% compared to last year resulting in good supply. Demand for this product continues to increase in the same manner. The market appears fairly stable with price and supply at an even balance, attracting more industry users to this natural essential oil. Besides quality, the oil yield per hectare has also improved. The chief producers have already finished producing and harvesting, unlike small farmers who are still continuing crop processing and harvesting. Golden Grove Naturals (GGN) has planted new varieties of tea tree, which could give a yield of 500 kg/hectare in the next two years, beating the industry average.

Orange Oil CP Citrus sinensis Harvest: July - December

The 2018-2019 orange crop forecast update for São Paulo and West Southwest Minas Gerais citrus belt, published on September 10, 2018 by Fundecitrus, is 273 million boxes. This figure corresponds to a decrease of 5.19% in relation to the estimate published in May 2018.

The primary reason behind this year’s low prediction is that the trees are stressed after surprisingly good yields from last season. Consequently, the groves are expected to produce less fruit. Also, the arid weather and high temperatures in São Paulo and Minas Gerais states damaged blossoms, and were big impediments to the fruit setting. Local sources cite insufficient rainfall as another cause of worry and reason for a further crop reduction. There have been considerable delays in fruit picking due to the desired quality not being achieved, so this has caused processing activities to be slow.

 In spite of such clear warnings of a lower 2018-19 crop forecast, orange oil prices have not really increased over the past few months. Though citrus markets are particularly difficult to analyse this could be for a few reasons. Buyers are waiting to fulfill their demand in the hope that prices may fall further. Furthermore, weakness in the US d´limonene market could also have an effect on price. The best strategy for customers with low volume requirements seems to be to buy on a spot basis. Those who have continuous demand throughout the year are advised to have annual contracts at fixed prices to fulfill most of their requirements.

Lavender Oil Lavandula angustifolia Harvest: July

In recent years there has been a sizeable growth in lavender cultivation in Bulgaria, and a substantial increase in oil production was predicted in 2018. Unfortunately, Mother Nature had other plans and destroyed around 50% of the crop, bringing current harvest estimates crashing down to only 100-120 MT. 2018 witnessed nil opening stock as last year’s crop was sold completely with no carry forward. Prices from origin are dependent on the supplier.

Rose Oil Rosa damascena Harvest: May - June

Rose oil is recognised as one of the most traditional and premium essential oils in aromatherapy today. Bulgaria has been the land of rose oil production and remains the world’s major rose oil producer. Roses begin to bloom in Bulgaria around the third week of May, and continue for 3-4 weeks depending upon weather conditions. However, this season experienced a severely compressed rose harvest period along with lower yields, labour shortages, and some distilleries even turning away already harvested rose flowers.

Last year’s weather conditions resulted in a simultaneous blossom in all production regions, making it incredibly hard for the farmers to harvest and process the crop in a timely manner. This meant that rose flowers had to be processed within a 2-3 week harvesting period in contrast to the normal harvesting period of 4-6 weeks. This issue created complications for all the distilleries, especially for ones with insufficient processing capacity. Some got compelled to set daily limits on rose deliveries as well as turn away roses from non-contracted suppliers.

There was a lower yield with this year’s harvest. Fortunately, the area under rose production has been increasing in recent years, growing by an estimated quarter in the past two years. The larger production area helped compensate for the lower yields. Additionally, this situation affected labour availability, as hand picking rose flowers requires great patience. Labour costs increased in an effort to attract and maintain labour supply, and the situation was not helped by legislative issues relating to labour employment.

However, organic production has been decreasing and the area under certified organic roses has declined by approximately 15% over the past two years, due to higher organic production costs, lower yields, and the ending of EU subsidies. 2018 witnessed downward pressure on rose oil prices.

Currently, rose oil is offered at different prices. The purity and authenticity of this product cannot always be determined with certainty. Despite the fact that the international fragrance community is now more alert to adulteration issues, there is still a significant production of adulterated “rose oil” in Bulgaria. It is strongly recommended that the standard GC-MC analysis be undertaken on all offers, along with other tests to prove authenticity and origin. Products can be labeled as “Bulgarian rose oil” only if they possess a PGI certificate and mark. A PGI certificate and special mark is symbolic of a guarantee.

Angelica Root Oil Angelica archangelica​​ Harvest: March - May

This year’s output is expected to be higher than last year’s. But due to GMP reforms in China, pharmaceutical companies are treading  cautiously. As a result, demand is weak. However, there is a decent demand from angelica medicines and beverages. Prices of raw material are fairly stable, and therefore, so are market prices.

Cassia Oil Cinnamomum cassia Harvest: May - July, October - December

The cassia crop is a smaller size; and so prices have soared. Considering the weak demand, factories lowered prices in the hopes of recovering investments. However, this trend cannot continue since there is still one third of the crop remaining, and factories are already selling at a loss. The autumn crop is already harvested, and commands lower prices. Most factories have paused production in preparation for the next crop. Considering that demand is at an all-time low, it is a good time to book offers.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus Harvest: June - December

The production of Chinese citronella oil in the peak years was around 1,000 MT. This year, the volumes have plummeted to around 300 to 400 MT, mainly due to too much rain. The crop season is nearing completion, yet availability is limited. Some farmers are holding carryover stocks; though their offers are high. Chinese citronella prices are increasing at a fast rate and currently are at almost the same levels as Indonesian prices.

Clary Sage Oil Salvia sclarea Harvest: July - August

Close to 12 MT of essential oil were obtained from 4,700 hectares of clary sage plantations in 2017. In 2018 1,700 hectares were cultivated. The crop is a healthy one, and so is the demand. Some of the distillers invested heavily in upgrading and steam distillation equipment. However, negligible margins on clary sage and huge investment on environmental protection have deterred some small farmers from continuing.

Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus globulus Harvest: July - October

The price of eucalyptus oil from the Jiangsxi Province has seen little fluctuation because it is produced all year around. The fire ban from government is still in place while most of the workforce is away in the cities. There is some apprehension of over-cutting of leaves, but we shall have to wait and watch. The price for this product can be extremely volatile. Customers are advised to have short term contracts to reduce the risk of unfulfilled longer term contracts.

Garlic Oil Allium sativum L. Harvest: April - May

The season for garlic is over. Prices are at stable levels, and enthusiasm is running high because the outlook is forecast at 100MT. This is because the price was lower during August to October and supply too was constrained. There is also a demand for garlic as a fresh spice in preparation for Chinese New Year. Prices began to inch up at the end of September and hold the potential to rise further. Current pricing is on the lower side; and plantings have also decreased due to lower returns and environmental pressures. The output in 2019 is considered to be drastically reduced. It is recommended that customers who have demand must book material at the earliest.

Geranium Oil Pelargonium graveolens Harvest: May - September

The crop season is over. Though torrential rains affected the crop, the output is still higher than expectations. Most oils have been collected by the locals. Assessing the current situation, it seems that supply can meet the demand, prices will stabilise after the initial fluctuations.

Ginger Oil Zingiber officinale Harvest: January - April

Severe flooding in the major producing area has had a major impact on the crop. As environmental norms are enforced more stringently, some crude oil processing factories have been asked to stop or limit their production. Supplies are becoming restrained; and market prices have stabilised at a higher level. However, depending upon several unfavourable factors pertaining to the raw material market, it is anticipated that prices will recover once demand becomes stronger. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that you cover any ginger oil needs for the next few months.

Litsea Cubeba Oil Litsea cubeba Harvest: July - September

The crop season is nearly over and quantity of seeds is small because of frequent rains in the main planting areas. There is also a shortage of labour. The increase in prices pushed up the cost of the oil. Most factories are refraining from buying large quantities of raw materials for processing. Considering the signs, this year’s output is expected to be lower than last year.

Osmanthus Oil Concrete Osmanthus fragrans Harvest: September - November

Usually the flower season is completed and concentrated in the first and second seasons. This year has seen a deviation due to climate change. There are now three flower seasons with production approximately equal in each season. Most of the raw materials were snapped up by perfumers, pharmaceutical companies, and tea and dessert companies during the first and second seasons. Naturally, prices of flowers skyrocketed by almost 20-25%. Output is similar to that of last year. Production will begin again by the end of November and new materials will be available by December. The prices of osmanthus are higher due to increased raw material costs.

Star Anise Oil Illicium verum Harvest: March - May, November - December

The new crop has started, and the new oil is available. However, the output from the main growing areas is somewhat meagre and supply is tight. This is because some farmers have gone out for city work and there is insufficient manual labour available to pick the fruits. Prices are predicted to firm up.

Tea Tree Oil Melaleuca alternifolia Harvest: May - August

The season for tea tree starts in August and continues till October. The growing areas have had copious rainfall and this has affected the plants. The production of raw material has been meagre, and supplies have been tightened.

Valerian Root Oil Valeriana wallichii Harvest: September - October

Production of valerian root oil is expected to rise to 3.5 – 4 MT, an increase of one third on the previous year’s output. A limited carryover combined with the high demand from the medical and health care sectors is anticipated to put upward pressure on prices.

Amyris Oil Amyris balsamifera Harvest: All Year

The DR shares the Caribbean island of Hispaniola with Haiti. The economic and cultural differences between the two countries are immense. For example, on the Haitian side of the 200-mile border there is an eroded landscape, where charcoal production and land degradation have destroyed the forests. In contrast, the Dominican Bahoruco Forest on the southern border with Haiti, measures some 10,000 km2, approximately half of which is covered with small amyris trees. This tree dies back after approximately 10 years leaving large quantities of decayed flammable oil-rich amyris wood on the forest floor. While Haiti suffers deforestation and a severe lack of amyris oil raw material the DR has immense underutilised quantities. According to a recent NRSC Report, each year an estimated 2,250 MT of amyris wood collected from 450 ha of forest (well below 1% of the potential collection area) is needed to produce the 90 MT of amyris oil to supply global market needs. Approximately half the wood is smuggled to Haiti, while three distilleries in the DR process the remainder. Amyris oil production began in DR in 2002, but over 50 years earlier in Haiti. Misguided DR government restrictions on accessing and transporting the dead amyris wood has reduced availability and created current supply shortages and price instability. Moreover, the chemical composition of amyris wood can vary considerably thus affecting oil quality.

Basil Oil Ocimum basilicum Harvest: March - October

There appears to be good availability of stock in the market. The emerging demand will most likely lead to a price increase in the near future. Though the oil is available at source, there are reports of large cultivated areas, and, therefore, a sizeable crop is anticipated. During the coming months, stability in prices is expected.

Chamomile Blue Oil Matricaria chamomilla Harvest: March - May

This year had a very successful crop. Favourable weather conditions and new production have resulted in an attractive market. The crop, from recently planted seeds, has provided a good harvest for the upcoming season. Both supply and demand are in a steady state. The market is currently stable for this oil, and prices are expected to remain at current levels.

Coriander Herb Oil Coriandrum sativum L. Harvest: January - February, June - July

The market is currently stable for this oil and supply continues to remain active. Sources reassure that supplies are improving, and moving towards a healthier situation. There is material currently available on the market. This year’s harvest is expected to be larger in size compared to last season’s crop. Prices are expected to remain stable to the end of season.

Cumin Seed Oil Cuminum cyminum L. Harvest: May - June

Currently, demand and supply of cumin seed oil continue to remain stable. Prices are expected to remain stable for a while, but emerging demand will most likely lead to an increase in the near future.

Geranium Oil Pelargonium graveolens Harvest: June - July

Demand continues to remain very strong with sufficient availability of geranium oil at this point. Adequate availability of stock at origin keeps the market stable and price fluctuation of 2-3% is anticipated in the near future. Crop production has overshot the previous year.

Jasmine Absolute Jasminum grandiflorum L. Harvest: June - November

The jasmine absolute growing regions experienced a good bloom this year after favourable weather conditions. It is expected to be a good harvest in the near future. The demand and supply situation continues to remain steady. As a result of a good crop, expect stability in prices in the coming months.

Marjoram Oil Origanum majorana Harvest: August - September

Demand for this oil remains strong. The market seems to have stabilised as prices return to last season’s levels. The new crop production has almost ended with expectations of reasonable volumes. Prices are expected to remain steady at the end of season.

Neroli Oil Citrus aurantium var. amara Harvest: March - April

Unfortunately, the market is currently under a lot of pressure. 2018 saw an overall decrease in neroli oil production even as the demand for this oil continued to increase. Prior to this year’s harvest, quantities were booked in advance, ultimately leading to a constrained supply. For 2018, there is very little carryover stock, and there will be immediate pressure on whatever is available. Prices are expected to rise in the near future.

Parsley Leaf Oil Petroselinum crispum Harvest: April - May

Due to stocks being low, and farmers not showing an interest, the market continues to remain flat. Current oil availability is limited, as oil production in Egypt has reached its limit, although there is just enough material available to keep the market satisfied. The price is predicted to firm up at end of season.

Tagetes Oil Tagetes minuta Harvest: June - November

The coming crop production started in June, and appears healthy with favourable weather conditions. The 2017-2018 season has resulted in a good quality crop that is perfect for oil production. Availability has kept pace with the growing demand. With balanced demand and supply, the situation is most likely to remain stable during the coming weeks.

Violet Absolute Oil Viola odorata Harvest: December - May

2018 production of violet leaf absolute has been negatively impacted due to a decline in plantation area compared to last season. Prices have been rising steadily month-on-month, and are expected to keep in that direction as the raw material necessary for production, and the oil itself, are in short supply.

Clary Sage Oil Salvia sclarea Harvest: June - July

Recently, there has been a substantial expansion in production to keep up with the growing demand. Prices are expected to take a downward trend in the coming months.

Lavandin Abrialis Lavandula hybrida var. abrialis Harvest: July - August

The price is very high compared to the previous year due to the lack of availability of the Spanish material, which has traditionally been in larger volumes than the French material.

Lavandin Grosso Lavandula hybrida var. grosso Harvest: July - August

There is material currently available in the market. However, the farmers are waiting for the right time to sell goods. The market is currently stable and expected to move slowly from October to the end of December. In early 2019 it is anticipated that farmers will again begin to sell some material. We expect that prices will remain stable in the next few months.

Lavandin Sumian Lavandula hybrida var. sumian Harvest: July - August

This species is more resistant to attack by the devastating insect. Lavandin sumian is commanding higher prices than lavandin grosso. The product holds a strong reputation compared to other oils. Therefore, over the last few years, the majority of buyers are switching from grosso to lavandin sumian. Few buyers have replaced the need for grosso altogether.

Lavandin Super Lavandula hybrida var. super Harvest: July - August

The emergence of new producers has led to a higher production, which is in excess of demand. As a result, prices are expected to decline in the next few months.

Lavender Oil Lavandula angustifolia Harvest: September

Among the clonal lavenders, the most renowned lavender varieties are maillette, matherone, and diva. The best-known varieties of lavender are rapido, and carla. Due to below freezing temperatures in the cultivating regions, the lavender harvest faced a severe loss last year. There is a substantial decline in total yield.

Melissa Oil Melissa officinalis Harvest: July

Presently, French melissa oil prices remain high, with different fluctuations being seen in different regions. French quality is too expensive across global markets. Bulgarian growers are optimistic about the crop, and are steadily increasing volumes moving forward. This seems to have become an open challenge for French producers. The future prospects for this product in France are unlikely to improve under the prevailing conditions.

Tarragon, Oregano, Sarriette and Thyme Oil Artemisia dracunculus, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris Harvest: April - July

These oils are observing a significant expansion in demand from the food industry. Some new crops will be introduced this year, and there will be more essential oils distilled from the fresh raw materials.

Thyme Oil Thymus vulgaris Harvest: June - August

There is usually high demand for this product. Besides aromatherapy, French producers have started exploring a wide range of options in the food industry.

Amyris Oil Amyris balsamifera Harvest: All Year

As difficult as it may seem, availability is now more restricted than last year, while demand remains strong, pushing prices to new levels. Unfortunately, this year’s harvest is the lowest on record. The high fuel price has affected production, leading to a rise in prices over the last few months. The market continues to remain under pressure, as buyers get anxious about securing stock. Imposing a quota limit on raw material has ultimately led to restricted supply of amyris oil. In some regions, there is a quota limit of four drums per distiller per month. In total there are only five distillers at present. A sizeable proportion of amyris wood for distillation is smuggled from the neighbouring Dominican Republic and in recent months supplies from this source have been restricted (see Dominican Republic).

Basil Oil Ocimum basilicum Harvest: November - February

Market trends are stable with little volatility. Demand for methyl chavicol and anethole is rather discouraging, but demand for linalool is constant. The market prices for Indian basil are on the downside. The new crop will be available in the coming months.

Black Pepper Oil Piper nigrum L. Harvest: December - February

Global black pepper prices have seen a drastic plunge to reach multi-year rockbottom prices in September. Since then the market has witnessed a 2-3% price rise, and there seems to be little scope for further downside movement. In addition, there is also a drop in the quantities of available oil, so low cost oil supplies are also running out. We recommend covering long-term requirements before supplies run out altogether.

Capsicum Oil Capsicum frutescens Harvest: April - May

The Indian monsoons have been normal with adequate rainfall. The sowing area for the 2019 chilli crop is larger. Prices for chillies are expected to remain stable over the coming six months. We recommend you cover only your short-term requirement; and look at long term requirements only by March.

Cardamom Oil Elettaria cardamomum Harvest: September - December

Kerala is the main source of cardamom in India. The floods in the growing region have been of major concern and caused a 20% crop loss. In addition, the festive season in India has commenced so the demand for cardamom has risen considerably. Prices are not expected to ease until the end of November.

Celery Seed Oil Apium graveolens Harvest: May - June

The next crop of celery seed is expected only in May of 2019. Market forecasts predict a slight price reduction. However, buyers are advised to book their orders for medium term requirements.

Cornmint Oil Mentha arvensis Harvest: May - July

The month of September saw a slight price correction; the rates fell despite a healthy demand from the American and European sectors. The demand for menthol powder from China was dismal. The April to July export figures reveal a significant fall of almost 30%. Though there was an improvement in demand the following August, it did not cover the shortfall. If there is no covering this year, there is a possibility of a sharp decline in demand – a fall of almost 3,000 MT in demand.

There is increased activity as a closed synthetic menthol plant has fully resumed its operations. There is an increase in supplies due to the advent of the festive season and additional crop from Madhya Pradesh.

Considering all these factors, the situation for this product is still uncertain and the prices have not fallen. In this context, it would be wise to wait out a couple of months before placing orders for fresh mentha arvensis products.

Cumin Seed Oil Cuminum cyminum Harvest: May - June

The sowing for the 2019 season would have started in November 2018. Considering the healthy rainfall and strong prices of last year, it is estimated to be a good season for cumin. The crop is expected to be good; but a clearer picture would emerge once the seeds are sown.

Davana Oil Artemisia Pallens Harvest: February - April

The robust crop of 2017 had produced a reported 7 MT of oil. 2018 saw the harvesting commence in March; but stakeholders have adopted a wait-andwatch approach. However, since prices remain relatively on the lower side, it is a good time to review annual needs and book orders well in advance.

Ginger Oil Zingiber officinale Harvest: January - April

This year’s copious rainfall in Kerala, has affected the ginger crop. Prices have escalated by over 20%. There is limited carry forward stock availability; though it is hoped that ginger prices should trade firmer in the 2019 season.

Lemongrass Oil Cymbopogon citratus Harvest: July - November

Lemongrass continues to command a steady price band. The first quarter of 2019 is expected to provide some relief once synthetic citral hits the stands.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: June - August

The key growing areas for nutmeg have witnessed floods this year. As a result almost 25% of the trees have been severely affected. 2019 is predicted to bring in lower production volumes, but higher prices. Buyers are advised to cover medium term requirements.

Palmarosa Oil Cymbopogon martini Harvest: January - June

Palmarosa trading is witnessing an unsound market situation, the consequences of lack of rainfall in the southern parts of the country.

Paprika Oil Capsicum annuum L. Harvest: October - March

The monsoon season in India has brought sufficient rains; and the paprika planting area in India is expected to be larger this year. The China crop, on the other hand, is expected to be 10% lower as compared to last season. With large carry forward stocks available with manufacturers as well as customers, the market may witness some amount of volatility in paprika oleoresin prices over the next two to three months. We recommend you cover your medium term requirement until Q1 of 2019.

Peppermint Oil Mentha piperita Harvest: April - July

At present, the India peppermint oil market commands stable prices for pure material. Availability though is somewhat limited. With the current pricing levels, rates are at par with those of farm level peppermint oil prices in the USA. Naturally the export of Indian mint to the USA is rather discouraging. However, exports to China are robust due to duty differentials and moderate demand. Indian exports will be helped by the imposition Chinese duties on US imports as part of the on-going USChina tariff war. Europe still continues to be the biggest importer of Indian peppermint oil. Current circumstances point towards a favourable crop for 2019. However, further clarity on root holding and new plantations will be available in December. There is an influx of synthetic peppermint in the market; an early booking for requirements makes sense. Carryover is expected to be good.

Spearmint Oil Mentha spicata Harvest: July - August

The Indian spearmint market seems stable. With not much availability, demand also seems to be steady.

Turmeric Root Oil Curcuma longa Harvest: March - May

The monsoon in India witnessed normal rainfall. The total area for planting and sowing turmeric is expected to be higher by almost 20% as compared to last season. Carry forward stocks are limited; prices are predicted to stabilise at these current levels.

Cajeput Oil Melaleuca cajuputi Harvest: All Year

For cajeput oil, the horizons finally look bright; the market is hopeful of getting out of crisis mode. Prices remain elevated, depending on cineol content. Production is set to go up and the situation is expected to stabilise in the coming months. This is a classic example of how the sudden short supply of some aroma molecules around the world (eucalyptol, citronellal etc.) can push low-lying products into the limelight. Overall things are looking up for cajeput oil, especially in the aromatherapy space. Of all the oils from Indonesia, cajeput is one that has been a critical part of the Indonesian aromatherapy story, and this continues to be so. It is about time that our global friends reaped the benefits of this beautiful oil from Indonesia.

Cananga Oil Cananga odorata Harvest: June - August

Cananga oil production is somewhat limited; but demand is steadily increasing. Cananga seems to be heading down the same path as patchouli in the coming weeks.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus Harvest: October - February

Contrary to predictions based on earlier reports and understanding, citronella prices have steadily gone up at source. Despite the additional sources and new regions of citronella, the demand continues to rise. In the current situation, citronella oil prices are certainly at a peak. It is important to note that our plantations in Sulawesi are faring quite well and are set to bolster production. With over 150 planted hectares, we are poised to offer sustainably sourced material. We are on the verge of having our plantations and produce certified as ‘Organic.’

Clove Oil Eugenia caryophyllata Harvest: May - September

BUD

The recent clove bud harvest was a largely successful one in Indonesia. The biggest consumer of these spice grade buds is the cigarette/kretek producers. Most of the volume gets picked up by them and the traders exporting the spice worldwide. Van Aroma has the advantage of having its own distillation right at the source of the clove plantation and has stocked 600-700 tonnes of buds right at source to ensure a steady supply throughout the year. Given that we are close to the end of clove bud harvest, we expect the prices of clove bud oil to remain stable for another month, after which it may start rising in line with other clove derivatives.

Market prices USD 25.50 /kilo

LEAF 

Supplies of clove leaf are stable and the dry season is helping it remain as such. Farmers and distillers are focusing more on the leaves and stem for distillation as we are past the clove bud harvest. The prices have bottomed out for the most part and we do not anticipate them going down further. It is a good time to book quantities now as we expect prices to work their way up in the coming weeks.

Market prices USD 16.00 -18.00 /kilo

Ginger Oil Fresh Zingiber officinale Harvest: January - May

The prices of fresh ginger have gone up and consequently those of the fresh oil. This product, like clove buds, is driven extensively by the local herbal drink industry. Preparations are underway at Van Aroma to launch ginger CO2 shortly.

Mace Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: March - April, October - November

The market for mace oil is noticeably smaller than nutmeg; and as such can withstand short-term interruptions in supply. Most distillers process nutmeg and mace together instead of separating them, since not too many buyers look for just mace oil. Van Aroma however ensures a steady supply and available stocks.

Massoia Bark Oil Cryptocaria massoia Harvest: September - May

The market is robust with strong and steady demand and competitive prices. There is an unremitting and improving supply of steam distilled massoia bark oil (50-60% C10 lactone) both from the source, and in Java. This has not necessarily resulted in a better product. However, it has definitely overtaken last year’s figures of CO2 extracted volumes. Market dynamics have taken interesting twists and turns and 2019 promises to throw up exciting developments for massoia bark oil.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Houtt. Harvest: All Year

Nutmeg oil, unlike most other oils from Indonesia, is on a stable footing. There is a steadfast demand from two of the world’s best known beverage brands; and complemented by a stable supply. There is not much activity on this front

Patchouli Oil Pogostemon cablin Harvest: All Year

Sulawesi: The arid season has had a considerable contribution in slowing down patchouli cultivation in the Sulawesi region. Located some distance away from reliable water sources, farmers are unable to continue planting since patchouli requires uninterrupted irrigation for healthy growth. News of the resultant crop damage has started trickling in. If current predictions are anything to go by, the dry weather is expected to continue. There are shifts happening from the old production areas to new areas; which creates shortages in the short term.

Supplies have also been somewhat affected by the recent spate of natural disasters. The earthquake and tsunami have affected certain areas, but fortunately the key growing areas were saved from the major brunt. Civic life has been impacted, and closed roads have affected transportation of goods. These were even followed by volcanic eruptions; and the consequent apprehension has created a ripple effect in the market.

Considering all these factors, a price rise seems to be on the cards over the next few months. It is advisable to recognise this and book orders for immediate requirements.

Sumatra: Sumatra patchouli production continues to dwindle. There is a relatively lower quantity available in the market; and the quality remains superior to Sulawesi. A stable demand for this quality has pushed up the prices significantly over the past few months. Many farmers and plantations have moved over from patchouli to other crops; a continuing trend even today. The Sumatra material is expected to command USD 5–7/kg higher than the material of a similar specification from Sulawesi. Anyone able to get material at a price lower than this is essentially buying products that are incorrectly labelled. Most likely, it is a blend of Sulawesi material in Sumatra. We pride ourselves on offering authentic product unless specified otherwise by clients; backed by the Van Aroma promise of purity.

Vetiver Oil Vetiveria zizanioides Harvest: January - July

The prices of this oil have seen a gradual decline; it is assumed to be attributed to an oversupply of vetiver oil from Java in the past month or so. Farmers and distillers are feeling the brunt of it. Demand continues to remain firm. On the brighter side, it is important to note that Haiti’s increasing strength in vetiver oil has allowed for a balance in the pricing of this product. Otherwise pricing has been on an upward trend for the past few years. Van Aroma is now producing vetiver CO2 extract; a product that is far more exciting given the superior olfactory profile.

Bergamot Oil Citrus bergamia Harvest: November - March

Almost all the growing areas witnessed inclement weather in the form of gusty winds and an aridity that impacted all crops. Large quantities of flowers were damaged; almost 20% to 40% of the crops were severely affected, depending on the fruit variety or growing area. The bergamot was originally used only for oil. However, the increased demand for fresh fruit has pushed up prices. As more fruit is being directed into the fresh fruit market, raw material for oil is in short supply. Consequently, this affected prices; the rates for bergamot have escalated considerably. This year seems to be discouraging, but more clarity is expected in the coming months.

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: November - January, April - July

The lemon crop for 2019 is reported to meet expectations, although in some areas there is a suggestion of reduced quantity. Harvesting will not commence before December; and naturally it is too early to comment on the pricing.

Orange Oil Blood Citrus sinensis Harvest: December - February

It is somewhat early to make any forecast; though it is reported that this year’s crop is less by approximately 30%. This is not surprising considering that last year there was a bumper crop. The processing of the fruit for oil will not commence before the end of February 2019.

Hinoki Oil Chamaecyparis obtusa Harvest: All Year

The hinoki tree is an indispensable part of Japanese culture. Related to spirituality, pureness and cleanliness, hinoki holds a place of veneration in the hearts of the Japanese people and several other Asian countries. It has a distinct woody, earthy fragrance reminiscent of a forest glade; and is associated with the famed Japanese Forest Bathing experience. The unisex appeal of its fragrance is becoming a highly coveted ingredient in perfumery as well. The global intelligentsia recently discovered this treasure when it was showcased at the World Perfumery Congress (WPC) in Nice. Amidst the backdrop of this globally renowned convention, hinoki garnered a very encouraging response. As people are realising its benefits, demand too is growing. In Japan, given the significance of hinoki, it is well protected. However, the challenge lies in finding the right sustainable mix and manufacturing conditions that enable hinoki oil production. Improved technology has led to an increase in distillation capacity alongside better quality control. Previously fluctuation prices have been replaced by greater price stability.

Clove Leaf Oil Eugenia caryophyllata Harvest: August - October

This year, the clove crop has been rather disappointing. This analysis pegs the expectations at ± 4,000 MT as opposed to a whopping ± 15,000 MT last year. Though this can happen after a good crop, this year’s volume is significantly lower. Consequently, there was a possibility that farmers distill the clove leaf earlier (in October), which actually they did, but not as extensively as was thought. The reason is the stronger interest in vanilla bean, which commands appreciably higher prices. The returns are better for a few dozen kilos of beans than several drums of clove leaf oil. Prices for clove oil have dropped slightly. Distillation was completed by the end of October and there will be no more oil coming until February or March next year. Stocks are somewhat constrained. Depending on demand during this period, prices are likely to stay at the current steady levels or take an upward turn.

Key Lime Oil Citrus aurantifolia Harvest: May - October

This year, between all the processors of Mexico, slightly more than 200,000 MT of limes were processed during the first three quarters. The peak season is over since mid-September and volumes are now dwindling.

The total processing volume of lime during 2018 is estimated to go up to about 230,000 MT. This implies a decrease of 40% compared to previous years. The overall crop is normal with near 3.7 MMT expected for the lime crop in general. Despite this, the fresh fruit market is still expanding significantly in the USA and Europe. This has affected availability of material for processing. It is anticipated that 6% of the limes available in Mexico during 2018 will be processed as essential oils, juices, and peel.

Market predictions forecast this situation to linger throughout 2019. More plantations are being planted in Mexico. But, they are still in the developmental stage and have not yet achieved production at normal yields. The demand for distilled oil has been slow since 2017; it seems that this will persist through 2019. The low raw material availability has put demand and offer on an even keel. The demand for CP lime oil is on the higher side. Prices look to be on an upsurge throughout 2019, since the raw material availability is not expected to improve in the short term.

Artemisia Taurica Artemisia taurica Harvest: July - September

Production was affected by poor growing conditions while late rains delayed harvesting. Nevertheless, output and yields were somewhat better than other Russian oils in part helped by the regional spread of plantings and a combination of old and new plantations.

Clary Sage Oil Salvia sclarea L. Harvest: July - August

This year’s clary sage oil production is down as no material is left at source. The quality of clary sage oil has deteriorated to a great extent. Many producers are hesitant to forecast the crop at this point.

Coriander Herb Oil Coriandrum sativum L. Harvest: May - June

Currently, coriander herb oil production is on hold, as the major growing regions were badly affected by a severe drought. The market remains stable, as there were plenty of carryover inventories from last year.

Coriander Seed Oil Corriandrum sativum L. Harvest: July - August

Prevailing bad weather conditions have reduced the growing region drastically, and prices have increased by 50%.  However, there is an adequate availability of carryover stocks. However, low prices for the seed, as well as the oil, have negatively impacted farming practices. As a result, the growing region has reduced drastically in comparison with past years.

Dill Weed Oil Anethum graveolens L. Harvest: July - September

Today’s market continues to remain in a tense situation due to insufficient rainfall. Unfortunately, low rains negatively impacted the harvesting of this material and led to a reduction in total production. With the prevailing dry situation, a sudden rainfall is needed by farmers to protect crops for next year’s harvesting.

Lavender Oil Lavandula angustifolia Harvest: July - August

This year’s lavender oil production is low due to unfavourable weather conditions. Adverse weather has caused smaller than typical yields, and made the harvest more difficult. Prices have already risen dramatically, and a further increase is expected.

Manuka Oil Leptospermum scoparium Harvest: April - October

In the aromatherapy sector, manuka oil is the star amongst all other varieties available. With the emergence of new applications, and aromatherapy brands in the market, demand for the oil shows a significant increase. The high demand and short supply has lifted the price of the oil. However, the triketones level has presently gone down from 28% to 15-20%.

Cabreuva Oil Myrocarpus frondosus Harvest: All Year

There is still plenty of material available in Paraguay. Prices continue to remain stable.

Guaiacwood Oil Bulnesia Sarmientoi Harvest: All Year

Since June 2018 the price began to soar upwards. As mentioned in the previous report, the new CITES regulations have imposed additional costs on exporting this oil, including a substantial rise in certification costs, and pre-shipment loading inspection charges. Despite this, demand for this oil remains strong. Adequate availability of stock at origin keeps the market stable, and no further changes are anticipated in coming months.

Petitgrain Oil Citrus aurantium ssp. Harvest: All Year

As the farmers are busy seeding other varieties of products, the current production of petitgrain oil is almost nil. The main crop began processing in the latter part of October. Assuming no weather complications, Paraguay is on track to have a healthy crop this year. Thus, crop production availability is expected for shipment mid-November onwards.

Vetiver Oil Vetiveria zizanioides Harvest: February - May

Production is small, mainly influenced by prevailing rains. However, the new season will commence in December. Currently, sufficient raw material is available. Sources assure that supplies are certain, while moving towards a healthier situation, to catch up with the on-going demand.

Fir Needle Oil Abies sibirica Ledeb. Harvest: April - September

During summer the production figures increased and ensured the availability of reasonable material. Currently, there is an adequate availability of stock, but fir needle oil is charged 2-3 euros higher by the distillers, owing to higher production costs.

Grapefruit Oil Citrus paradisi Harvest: December - April

The USDA forecasts a 5% increase in grapefruit production from 354,000 MT in 2016-17 MY, to touch 370,000 MT in 2017-18 MY. This is due to the rise in area planted and good weather prevalent in the main growing regions of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. However, this increase was partially offset by damage due to hailstorms in the Mpumalanga region. Limpopo is the principal grapefruit growing region, and accounts for a substantial 59% of the total production. Followed by Mpumalanga 22%. KwaZulu-Natal 10%, Northern Cape 6% and Western Cape with less than 1% of the production. The predominant variety produced is Star Ruby, which has a high global demand, and accounts for 84% of production. This is followed by the Marsh variety at 13%. South Africa is emerging as a promising future origin for this product. Considering the improvement in production, the grapefruit for processing is set to go up by 8% to 127,000 MT in 2017-18 MY compared with 118,000 MT in 2016-17 MY.

Market prices USD 95.00 / kilo (White)

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: July - September

Market pundits are anticipating a 7% increase in the production of South African lemon to 460,000 MT in 2017-18. This is due to a substantial increase in planted areas with new orchards coming into full production. Since 2010 the total planted area has almost tripled and is currently estimated in 2018 at 12,100 ha. Favourable weather conditions in the main production areas of Eastern Cape and Limpopo have also helped. In fact these regions account for about 80% of lemon production.

There is a spurt in demand from Asian and Middle Eastern markets and total export of fresh lemons is estimated to go up by almost 7% to touch 320,000 MT in the 2017-18 MY. Nevertheless, lemons for processing are also anticipated to continue their upward trend rising from 56,000 MT in 2015-16 to 115,000 MT in 2016-17 to 123,000 MT in 2017-18.

Marula Oil Sclerocarya birrea Harvest: April - October

New areas for marula production have been established in 2018. These projects comprise new collection areas with the local communities and additional processing facilities. The oil has been commanding international attention of late, and it continues. Available supply has increased potentially by 20%; while prices remain consistent in 2018.

Orange Oil CP Citrus sinensis Harvest: June - September

In view of the adequate rainfall and the increase in planted area, this year’s predictions for orange production are positive. Estimates show an anticipated growth of about 8% to 1.47 million MT in 2017- 18 MY. The area planted to orange trees is estimated at 44,000 ha. There has been a proliferation of planted areas in the main growing regions of Limpopo, Eastern Cape, and Mpumalanga. Altogether these regions are the largest contributors with about 82% of the total orange production.

Fresh orange exports are estimated to increase 4% in 2017-18 to 1.22 million MT, in part because of increased Chinese demand and South Africa’s successful efforts to address the Citrus Black Spot (CBS) challenge in the EU market, which remains the largest export market. South Africa prioritises supplying fresh oranges to export markets, with surplus oranges supplied to the domestic fresh and processed markets. In 2016-17 the quantity of oranges processed fell to 123,000 MT but is estimated to have increased substantially in 2017-18 to 188,000 MT.

Tagette Oil Tagetes erecta Harvest: June - August

2018 was a good year for tagetes oil. The rainfall during the yearend of 2017 contributed significantly to a healthy production. The crop and production figures rose to their previous levels. Prices remain moderately constant. In general, producers expect to see a 5-6 % price increase from what they were in 2017.

Tea Tree Oil Melaleuca alternifolia Harvest: October - January

Good weather prevailed in South Africa’s main growing region on the east coast. Naturally, indications point towards a favourable harvest in the next six months. The production season commenced in September. There was zero carryover stock from the previous season. This implies that stocks will have to be built, and expected to enter the market around October.

Organic: Production has improved albeit at a slow pace, since project expansions have materialised. Some of the planned organic projects were confronted with severe pest issues. This has resulted in these projects turning to the conventional route. Prices are unwavering as a result of increased production keeping pace with a rise in demand.

Conventional: The production of conventional oil is pegged to go up from the 2017/18 season due to significant planted areas coming into production this year. It is anticipated that the demand for conventional tea tree oil is expected to remain strong. There is a compelling possibility of a marginal price hike as a result of an inflationary increase in the cost of production.

Lavandin Grosso, Lavandin Super, and Lavandin Hybrida Oils Lavandula hybrida Harvest: July - August

The lavandin crops were severely lashed by rains, thereby drastically impacting the yields. Prices soared due to high demand and unavailability of adequate enough quantities. Several farmers have switched to growing lavandin (mainly grosso and abrialis), thus increasing the cultivated area. The challenges at the moment are to find stems, and exorbitant prices. However, in the next 10 years we forecast a considerable increase in the available volumes from this area.

Lavender Oil Spike Lavendula latifolia Harvest: August - September

The harvest usually happens in August, when the plant flourishes. There were intense rains almost every week this summer; this forced farmers to put a hold on the harvesting and distillation. Eventually, distillation was completed by the last week of September. The average production yield has decreased as the harvest period lengthened. At the beginning of the crop it was 35 kg/hectare, and at the end of the crop it decreased to 24 kg/hectare. Prices this year have slid down compared to the prices of previous years as a consequence of the increase in plantations and the drop in demand. This was a preferred oil in the perfumer’s palette some time ago, however this is not the case now.

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: November - July

Once again with a bumper crop, Spain repeats its dominance as lead supplier of superior grade lemon in the European Union. According to AILIMPO, the forecast for the 2018/2019 lemon crop for Spain is expected to reach 1,300,000 tonnes. This is higher than the average production of the last 10 years (2001 to 2017 average) which is 951,385 tonnes.

Based on this data, Spain will continue to be the main supplier of fresh lemons in the European market and the second processing country worldwide.

Harvesting of the Fino variety will begin in September and an increase of 14% is expected due to good flowering conditions – leading to more fruit per tree – and also because of new plantations over recent years now coming into production. A production figure of 920,000 tonnes is forecast, depending on the amount of water available in summer and rainfall in autumn.

As regards the verna variety, the preliminary forecast expects a harvest of 380,000 tonnes, which would be a significant increase of 90% in comparison with last year. “We are a little jewel in the crown,” summarises with pride José Antonio García, Director AILIMPO when he talks of Spain in context of the lemon processing industry.

Sage Oil Salvia officinalis Harvest: May - October

The crop in the current year was advanced in comparison with the previous year. The harvest started in August, and finished in September. The yield has been satisfactory, with an average yield of 40 kg/hectare. The prices remain stable as does the demand.

Thyme Oil Red Thymus vulgaris Harvest: June - August

This year’s figures stand at production of 20 MT. The demand from the aromatherapy sector is very strong for this product and it uses almost 80% of the production.

Cinnamon Bark Oil Cinnamomum zeylanicum Harvest: May - December

There is an abundance of raw material since it is peak season. Cinnamon harvesting ends by early December. The demand for the oil is as robust as ever, and prices remain stable. It is recommended that customers book requirements for the next six months.

Cinnamon Leaf Oil Cinnamomum zeylanicum Harvest: March - August

There is ample availability of the product with prices maintaining their steady levels. Adequate supplies of raw materials have contributed to ease availability and facilitate price stability. The situation is expected to remain so till the end of the harvesting season in December. It is a good time to place orders; it is recommended buyers cover future requirement now.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon nardus Harvest: May - December

Citronella harvesting season is closely dependent on the southwestern monsoon rains. The season is from May to September; thus it is safe to assume that there may be supply limitations this quarter. Since the prices for Javanese citronella oil continue to remain reasonably low, demand for the Sri Lankan variety also continues to be modest. Market predictions do not foresee much variance in prices in the immediate future. However, the next quarter may see a noticeable price rise.

Clove Bud Oil Eugenia caryophyllata Harvest: January - February

The clove crop is only available at the end of the year. Consequently, prices of raw materials too, have escalated. Sri Lankan clove bud oil prices can be expected to remain firm and may move up further till the new crop is received.

Clove Stem Oil Eugenia caryophyllata Harvest: January - February

Currently, there are limitations in availability of raw materials as a result of farmers hoarding stocks of stems. Prices are predicted to remain on a firm footing; or there may be an upward pressure until the new crop is received at the end of the year.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Houtt. Harvest: February - May

A mid-year smaller crop was available from some parts of the country. It was too insignificant to have an effective impact on curbing prices. Hopes are pinned on a good harvest, given the continuing favourable weather conditions. The prices for Indonesian nutmeg oil continue to be stable and cater for global demand. Local market prices are expected to inch up until the major harvest comes in for distilling at year end.

Cedarwood Oil Texas Juniperus mexicana Harvest: All Year

The Edwards Plateau in Texas, USA is home to the species Juniperus ashei, locally called Texas Mountain Cedar. Covering 80% of the terrain, it regenerates by aerial seeding. This provides a highly sustainable source of raw material for the production of the coveted Cedarwood Oil Texas.

The cedar tree is rather unpopular with Texas ranchers. It impedes the growth of any other plant, thereby leaving the surrounding soil barren. Its high water affinity results in lapping up water from the underground aquifer, which naturally affects supplies for nearby farms and urban settlements.

The cedar is unable to decay due to its high oil content of between 2 to 3%. Its short, twisted trunks are not conducive for sawing lumber, but yield significant amounts of essential oil. Cedarwood Oil Texas, with annual production of 700 – 800 MT, is one of the most widely used oils in the fragrance industry. A favourite among perfumers, it is said that some small amounts of cedarwood or its derivatives (particularly cedryl acetate and methyl cedryl ketone) are used in 80% of all household products, fragrances and cosmetics.

Grapefruit Oil Citrus paradisi Harvest: December - April

The USDA forecasts 6.40 million boxes for Florida grapefruit. This figure is 65% more than last season’s hurricane affected 3.88 million boxes; and down 4% from the 2016-2017 season. Putting aside last season’s hurricane-reduced crop, this is the lowest since the 6.7 million boxes in 1921–22. The total is comprised of 5.3 million boxes of red grapefruit and 1.1 million boxes of white grapefruit. Representing a 73% and 71% rise respectively. However, in both cases, fruit size is below average and the downward trend in fruit-bearing trees continues.

With increased applications of grapefruit oil and consequently rising demand, the market will remain under pressure till we recover from the substantial loss in 2017-18.

Market prices USD 90.00 /kilo (white)

Market prices USD 70.00 /kilo (Pink)

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: May - July

The 2018-19 USDA forecast for lemon shows a fall in production due to a 6% reduction in Californian production, the dominant US producer. Total US lemon production is forecast to be 21.4 million boxes of which California accounts for 20 million boxes. California focuses on fresh fruit consumption, thus leaving less fruit for processing.

Orange Oil Citrus sinensis Harvest: February - May

The USDA report for 2018-2019 released on 8th November reduced the overall Florida orange forecast by 2.0 million boxes to 77.0 million. Nevertheless, this is some 71% higher than last season’s final production. These figures comprise 32 million boxes of non- Valencia oranges, (i.e., the early midseason and Navel varieties) and 45.0 million boxes of Valencia oranges. In both cases there has been a sizeable increase in fruit per tree but fruit size is the smallest on record. The total number of orange fruit-bearing trees is 49.9 million. The trees that were planted in 2015 or earlier are now bearing fruit. June 2018 saw the completion of the latest Commercial Citrus Inventory.

Basil Oil Ocimum basilicum L. Harvest: November - February

Basil is usually planted on sunny days in March. The first harvest takes place around the end of May. After about 45 days, around mid-July, the second harvest takes place; and again at the end of August the third harvest. This year due to over-abundant rainfall, the second and third harvests were severely affected since most plants died. The total quantity this year is only around 10 MT far below the usual figure of 30 MT.

Cassia Oil Cinnamomum cassia Harvest: July - December

There are two harvesting cycles for cassia. The first one lasts from March to June, and the second one from September till November. The prices of cassia oil hover more or less at the same levels all year round. This is because it is not much affected by weather conditions.