Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: May - July

Argentinian lemon oil supply remains tight after October 2025. This limited supply is occurring despite broadly stable national lemon supply volumes, as the industry remains structurally dependent on the export-processing stream. It seems that supply constraints are being driven more by processing economics and allocation rather than orchard output alone. Around 70-75% of Argentina’s total lemon production is typically directed into export processing, including essential oils (lemon oil), frozen pulp, and dehydrated peel, meaning industrial availability remains highly sensitive to profitability, processing priorities and logistics.

Supply remains particularly exposed in Tucumán, where weather-driven yield volatility and reduced sector profitability have pressured processing flows and limited raw material volumes entering the oil stream.

Orange Oil CP Citrus sinensis Harvest: July - December

The Brazilian orange oil market remained firm, supported by continued sensitivity in orange feedstock availability across the São Paulo and Triângulo/Sudoeste Mineiro Citrus Belt which is the world’s most important supply base for orange processing and derivative extraction. Fundecitrus September 10, 2025 crop revision indicated the reduction of the 2025/26 orange harvest estimate to 306.74 million boxes, down from the earlier May 2025 projection of 314.60 million boxes, reflecting a decline of 2.5% (-7.86 million boxes) primarily due to higher-than expected fruit drop and slower harvest progression. These developments kept near-term supply recovery uneven and reinforced firm availability conditions for orange oil and its derivatives through the winter demand window.

In parallel, the market continued to face structural constraints from citrus greening with Fundecitrus’ 2025 incidence survey reporting the disease affecting 47.63% of orange trees in the citrus belt confirming the eighth consecutive year of rising infection and reinforcing long-term production variability. With feedstock risk elevated and disease pressure worsening, processors and exporters continued to closely monitor harvest performance, processing economics, and export competitiveness, while steady demand from flavour & fragrance, beverage, and household cleaning sectors remained supportive, maintaining upward pressure in the market.

Cassia Oil Cinnamomum cassia

Guangxi, Guangdong, and Yunnan are the major cassia oil producing regions in China. The oil is produced by steam distillation of the bark and leaves. It is warm and spicy in nature and has a high concentration of cinnamaldehyde. Cassia oil is famous for its intense cinnamon-like aroma, and is widely used in flavouring, perfumery, aromatherapy, and traditional medicine. Major price fluctuations were witnessed this year. The highest price was observed in March, while July saw the lowest.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus Harvest: June - December

Citronella prefers fertile, well-drained soils and abundant rainfall. The grass thrives in warm, humid, tropical to subtropical climates. It grows in the Yunnan, Hainan, and Guangdong provinces of China. After cutting, fresh grass is steam-distilled to yield an oil rich in citronellal and geraniol. It has a crisp lemony aroma and is used in insect repellents, personal care products, aromatherapy, household cleaners, and as a natural deodorising and antimicrobial agent.

There was strong global demand for the oil with southeast Asia accounting for almost half of the exported volumes. Other key export destinations included North America, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK. Oil prices mostly remained stable, though there was a noticeable low in July and the highest price was recorded in September.

Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus globulus Harvest: July - October

In China eucalyptus oil is primarily sourced from the plantations in the regions of Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong. Eucalyptus trees thrive in well-drained, slightly acidic soil. They prefer warm, humid, subtropical climates with ample sunlight. The oil is primarily extracted through steam distillation and is rich in cineole. It is widely used in pharmaceuticals, aromatherapy, respiratory relief products, household cleaners, and as a natural antimicrobial agent.

There was strong export activity for eucalyptus oil through the first nine months of 2025. The total volume of exports reached more than 6000 tons. The market remained stable in 2025 with a heavy demand from Southeast Asia and a consistent one from other key regions like the EU, USA, and India. There was limited fluctuation in price and it stayed at a relatively high level.

Star Anise Oil Illicium verum Harvest: March - May, November - December

The warm, humid, subtropical climates of Guangxi and Yunnan are suitable for the growth of star anise. It is an evergreen tree which prefers fertile, well-drained soil. Once the fruit matures, it is harvested and oil is extracted through steam distillation. The resulting oil produced is aromatic and rich in anethole. It is valued for its sweet, spicy profile, and therapeutic properties and is widely used in perfumery, flavouring, traditional medicine, and antimicrobial formulations.

In April 2025, export volumes peaked while September experienced the lowest shipments. Overall, a quarter demand during this period originated from France, while Germany and Hong Kong made up another quarter. Significant demand was also recorded from Indonesia and USA, while Spain and UK had consistent but lower demand. There was minimal fluctuation in price during this period with June recording the highest price, while August the lowest.

Coriander Seed Oil Corriandrum sativum L. Harvest: July - August

Coriander seed oil is obtained through steam distillation. Steam is passed through cleaned and crushed seeds to vaporise the aromatic compounds, which are later cooled to separate the oil from water. Coriander seed oil is valued for its warm, spicy, and slightly herbaceous aroma. It is widely used in flavourings, perfumery, aromatherapy, and digestive wellness formulations.

The harvest was poor across major growing regions in 2025. Late frosts in April, followed by drought, severely impacted yields. Farmers are holding on to their product, which has tightened the market situation. Uncertainty regarding the climate suggests pressure on price will remain for the foreseeable future. While certain producing regions fared better than others, overall seed availability remains low, and the prices are elevated.

Coriander Seed Oil Corriandrum sativum L. Harvest: July - August

Coriander seed oil is extracted from the seeds through either steam distillation, solvent extraction or mechanical pressing for a more complete profile. The liquid produced is colourless to pale yellow with a warm, sweet and spicy aroma. Lack of rainfall during critical stages of growth in May and June has negatively impacted the performance of the crop. There is limited activity in the market, thus oil price is stable.

Dill Weed Oil Anethum graveolens L. Harvest: July - September

Dill weed is cultivated and grows in wild forms across many global regions. It is native to Mediterranean and Western Asia, but it is now widely grown across Europe, North America, and India. Dill weed thrives in Moldova’s continental climate. Here warm summers, fertile soils, and good drainage support strong herb growth.

Dill weed oil is extracted via steam distillation of harvested aerial parts. The oil produced has a fresh, green, aromatic profile and is rich in carvone. Dill weed oil is widely used in pickling blends, savoury flavourings, digestive aids, aromatherapy, and herbal formulations. Despite reduced yield this season, there is sufficient stock of the oil. The yield of dill weed was lower in 2024 compared to the previous season. Though oil price remains stable due to historical demand from contract customers and new buyers.

Fir Needle Oil Abies sibirica Harvest: November - December

Siberian fir flourishes in cold, boreal climates with moist, well-drained soils, found in Russia and the Eastern European highlands. The oil is extracted from freshly cut needles and twigs through steam distillation. The oil produced is prized for its crisp, coniferous, uplifting aroma. It is used in respiratory blends, aromatherapy, decongestant formulations, natural household cleaners, fresh-air fragrance accords, and spa wellness applications.

Fir needle oil is harvested from April to September. The market for the oil is tense in 2025 and supply is facing multiple challenges, especially when it comes to high-quality material. Several factors are affecting the supply at origin. These include high inflation, unfavourable exchange rate, rising raw material prices, and increased production costs. The price of oil is rising steadily due to these factors. With the producing regions facing economic pressures, the fir needle oil market is expected to remain firm through the season.

Laurel Leaf Oil Laurus nobilis

Laurel trees are native to the Mediterranean region, but they also grow in Moldova’s central and southern regions. The plant thrives in temperate continental climate, but it needs to be protected from severe frost. It requires ample sunlight and favours well-drained soils. It is a resilient tree that can tolerate a wide range of pH levels from slightly acidic to alkaline. Laurel leaf oil is extracted from fresh or dried leaves and twigs through steam distillation. Volatile compounds are isolated through this process and the oil produced is rich in 1,8-cineole, linalool and terpinyl acetate. Laurel leaf oil is highly valued across several industries. The flavouring industry uses it for meat seasonings, pickles, and sauces. The warm, fresh, and slightly spicy aroma makes it a sought-after ingredient in fragrances and cosmetics. The antimicrobial properties of the oil also make it useful in natural cleansing and personal care formulations.

The market for laurel leaf oil is stable. Oil originating from multiple countries is in stock

Lavender Oil Moldova Lavandula angustifolia Harvest: September

Moldova is a growing producer of high-quality lavender oil, with major cultivation in its southern and central regions. The plant thrives in the country’s dry climate. Lavender requires well-drained, sandy or gravelly soil and 6–8 hours of sunlight per day. There was severe cold during the crucial phase of growth of lavender in Moldova. This has resulted in low yields. Plantation area has also reduced with farmers moving towards more profitable options. Despite these challenges, producers have kept price increases moderate.

Cumin Oil Cuminum cyminum L.

The warm climate, fertile soils, and long-standing history of essential oil extraction have made Egypt a major global producer of cumin oil. The EU has stringent pesticide residue limits, especially when it comes to chlorpyrifos. The cumin oil market in Egypt has split into varieties that are EU compliant and those that are noncompliant.

There is massive global interest in natural ingredients and the regulatory pressure is rising as well. This makes the compliant varieties highly sought after. The non-compliant oils are cheaper though they do not gain access to premium markets. The EU compliant varieties are expensive and have a strong demand across Europe, North America, and Asia.

Geranium Oil Pelargonium graveolens Harvest: June - July

Geranium oil is extracted from the shoot of the plant through steam distillation. The shoot is boiled in water, and the steam generated during this period carries geranium oil. The oil produced is rosy, green, and has a balancing aroma. It is heavily used in skincare, perfumery, aromatherapy, and wellness. Despite strong global demand, there is major turbulence in the geranium oil market in Egypt. It is being driven by speculation and stockpiling, as traders buy large quantities during harvest season and withhold them from the market. This has resulted
in an artificial tightened supply and inflated prices.

Stocks are being released in a controlled fashion, which is boosting market caution. Certain exporters are contributing to this turbulence by exaggerating shortages, even though actual production in 2025 has increased by 25% compared to last year.

Jasmine Absolute Jasminum grandiflorum L. Harvest: June - November

Egypt has a warm, sunny climate which is ideal for jasmine. It thrives in fertile and well-irrigated soil, and is widely used in perfumery, skincare, and luxury fragrance formulations. Despite production hurdles, Egyptian jasmine maintains its global dominance. Egypt is the leading producer of jasmine concrete and absolute globally. Due to the consistent global demand for natural aromatics, the market for jasmine is expected to stay stable.

Though the sector is facing several production challenges like climate change, high temperatures, reduced rainfall, labor shortages, rising wages, and increased energy and raw material costs. The doubling of hexane prices has also impacted production costs.

Lime Oil Citrus aurantifolia

Lime thrives in the warm and sunny regions of Egypt like Beheira, Minufiyah, Sharqiyah, Fayoum, and Upper Egypt. The oil extracted from the peel through cold pressing or steam distillation is uplifting and has cleansing properties. Lime oil is a major product in Egypt’s essential oils bouquet. There is a growing global demand for natural citrus ingredients. Lime oil is sought after by the food and beverage industry, perfumery, cleaners, soaps, and aromatherapy. Egypt also exports large volumes of lime fruit and ranks 11th globally. Export volumes for lime rose from 80,000 tons in 2022 to 100,000 tons in 2023. This 25% increase can be attributed to competitive pricing, rising global demand and agricultural expansion.

Neroli Oil Citrus aurantium var. amara Harvest: March - April

Bitter orange trees thrive in Egypt’s warm Mediterranean-to-arid climate. They require ample sunlight, mild winters, and well-drained soil. Beyond perfumery, neroli oil is used for skincare, emotional wellness, and natural fragrance applications. The strong pricing of the Egyptian variety as compared to Tunisia and Morocco has steadily increased the demand of the product since early 2025. But fluctuating climate conditions and irregular rainfall have negatively impacted the market for neroli oil in Egypt. Due to these unfavourable conditions the productivity of bitter orange trees has reduced.

Raw material supply has declined due to low flower availability, creating supply constraints and pushing the price upward. The perfume, cosmetics, and aromatherapy sectors are steadily increasing their consumption of neroli putting excessive pressure on the limited supply. Suppliers recommend that buyers should secure stocks and long-term contracts to avoid this volatile situation.

Violet Absolute Oil Viola odorata Harvest: December - May

Egyptian violet is highly priced in high-end fragrances and niche cosmetics. It thrives in Egypt’s mild winters and moist soils. Violet absolute is extracted from leaves between May and December. It is dark green and thick with a leafy floral aroma, and is harvested 3-4 times each season. In order to obtain the concrete, the method of solvent extraction with hexane is used.

This is followed by ethanol washing and evaporation to yield the absolute. Since the early 20th century, Egypt has been a major global producer of violet concrete and absolute. There is a strong demand for Egyptian violet, especially from the perfumery and skincare sectors.

Basil Oil Holy Ocimum sanctum Harvest: November - February

Holy basil or tulsi thrives in warm, tropical climates with well-drained soils and abundant sunlight. Leaves and flowering tops of the herb are steam-distilled to yield a spicy, herbaceous oil rich in eugenol or methyl eugenol. The oil is widely used in immunity formulations, Ayurvedic preparations, aromatherapy, perfumery, natural disinfectants, and pharmaceutical
blends.

The holy basil oil market in India is stable with improved demand absorbing carryforward stocks gradually. New production activity is limited. Monsoon has been light in key growing areas like Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, and there is limited cultivation. This restricts the possibility of new supply entering the market. The market for the oil is balanced as demand has picked up modestly and is enough to occupy the limited supply. Prices are expected to hold firm until the next major harvest cycle.

Black Pepper Oil Piper nigrum L.

In India, pepper thrives in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and parts of Northeastern states. It requires humid tropical conditions, rich loamy soils, shade, and heavy rainfall. The process of steam distillation, solvent extraction, or CO2 extraction are used to obtain essential oil and oleoresin. Black pepper derivatives are used extensively in flavourings, perfumery, pharmaceuticals, FMCG products, and functional foods. The supply of black pepper remains limited across origins leading to a steady but guarded behaviour in the market. In Sri Lanka, heavy rains delayed the harvest in Kandy, reducing output by almost 20%. The availability of high-piperine berries is also scarce.

Harvest season has concluded in Vietnam and fresh arrivals are not expected before January-February. Sowing has also decreased by 15-20% in the region, putting further strain on the supply. Farmers across regions are holding back larger harvests due to low prices. Once demand for black pepper picks, the tight supply will result in firming prices.

Cardamom Oil Elettaria cardamomum Harvest: September - December

In India, cardamom grows in Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. It thrives in cool, humid, shaded high-altitude environments with rich organic soils. Seeds undergo steam distillation, solvent extraction, or CO2 extraction to produce aromatic oil and oleoresin. It is used widely in flavourings, confectionery, perfumery, tobacco, and pharmaceuticals. Unfavourable weather conditions like heavy rain and storms damaged the standing crop in key growing areas. Labour shortage also led to an increase in harvesting costs. Both factors have combined to negatively impact cardamom supply in India. In order to avoid distress sales and support the strong domestic and global demand, farmers are strategically releasing produce.

Guatemala is a major competitor in the global market, but its recovery from last year’s drought is slow. There is limited supply at their end which has further strengthened India’s trade position. Seasonal saturation usually occurs by December, but strong interest from international buyers and selective stock management are expected to keep prices steady.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus

Citronella grows well in tropical and subtropical climates. It prefers warm temperatures, high humidity, and well-drained soils. To extract the oil, harvested leaves undergo steam distillation. The resulting liquid is rich in citronellal and geraniol. It is widely used in insect repellents, soaps, perfumery, aromatherapy, disinfectants, and household cleaners.

There is irregular supply and limited fresh availability of Indian citronella oil in the market. This is primarily due to persistent rainfall across key growing regions such as Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, and parts of Odisha. The per-acre yields have reduced in these regions and harvest has also been delayed. Oil production has fallen sharply as cultivation acreage continues to decline and farmers shift to higher-return crops. The sector is also suffering from labour shortages, especially women who form the primary workforce for cutting and machine operations. This has slowed distillation and reduced output efficiency. There is steady domestic and export demand for the oil. Until normal production resumes, the market is expected to stay volatile. Oil prices have firmed due to the tight supply situation in the market.

Clove Bud Oil Eugenia caryophyllata Harvest: January - February

In India, cloves grow in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. They flourish in warm, humid climates with volcanic or rich loamy soils. Oil is extracted from clove buds through steam distillation.

The oil produced is rich in eugenol, and widely used in dentistry, analgesic preparations, perfumery, flavourings, incense, and pharmaceuticals. The global market for clove oil is expected to remain steady. There are stable volumes being produced in major clove markets such as Madagascar, Zanzibar, and Indonesia. Though, the output in Indonesia is facing declining quality and reduced yields.

Despite sufficient stock levels globally, prices are high because farmers are holding onto inventory, anticipating stronger demand and better pricing. Sri Lanka stands as an exception, with strong local and export demand with limited supply, driving prices upward. Overall, there is soft demand for clove bud oil and fresh arrivals are limited as well. Both factors have managed to prevent a sharp decline in oil price.

Davana Oil Artemisia Pallens Harvest: February - April

Davana is primarily cultivated in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. It thrives in dry, warm climates with sandy loam soils and full sunlight. The fragrant herb is steam-distilled to produce a sweet, fruity, balsamic oil. Davana oil is extensively used in perfumery, flavourings, aromatherapy, and incense. The davana oil market remains extremely tight as stocks are low and last season yielded limited high-content oil. Demand is heavily focused towards premium-quality material. Though volumes available in the market have low content levels, making it difficult for buyers to source desirable oil.

Current supply is unable to meet the demand leading to a constant increase in price. Farmers have reduced sowing for the upcoming season, and fresh distillation is expected only from February to March. This will lead to supply challenges for several more months. With acreage shrinking and limited premium quality oil in the market prices are expected to remain firm.

Frankincense Oil Boswellia serrata

Frankincense is harvested from trees of Boswellia genus, which grow natively in the arid, tropical regions of Northeast Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and India. Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra are the primary growing areas in India. To extract the oil resin undergoes steam distillation. They yield an aromatic product rich in boswellic components. The oil is primarily used in perfumery, incense, aromatherapy, skincare, and spiritual practices.

Frankincense is a wild-harvested resin and supply is being impacted by labour shortages and logistical challenges. There is limited supply of frankincense oil, though it has improved slightly with fresh materials entering the market. There are concerns over quality of the oil with below optimal levels of alpha-thujene. This has reduced the share of premium-grade material. There is heavy demand for the oil in the market with buyers fearing disruptions in supply due to the political instability in Somalia. Pending orders are absorbing any fresh arrivals and concentrated buying is further putting pressure on the tight supply. For the time being prices are expected to remain firm.

Ginger Oil Zingiber officinale Harvest: January - April

Ginger thrives in Northeast India, Karnataka, Kerala, and Maharashtra. It prefers warm humid climates, rich loamy soils, and consistent rainfall. Aromatic ginger oil is obtained from steam distillation or CO2 extraction of dried rhizomes. It is used in flavourings, pharmaceutical applications, confectionery, beverages, perfumery, and aromatherapy.

Until fresh ginger stock arrives in December, supply of dry ginger will remain tight. The availability of premium grade ginger is limited because of high moisture levels, crop disease, and frequent natural calamities. With strong demand from the global and domestic market, the price for ginger has firmed. Though farmers are enthused with the sharp surge in raw ginger prices. With the improving market sentiment they have increased sowing in the hopes of better returns. Fresh arrivals will ease pressure on the market. Though in the short-term strong prices are expected to stay with the tight demand-supply dynamics.

Lemongrass Oil Cymbopogon citratus Harvest: July - November

Lemongrass thrives in warm, humid climates with abundant rainfall. It prefers well-drained loamy soils, and full sunlight. Oil is extracted via steam distillation and valued for its citral content. It is widely used in perfumery, household cleaners, insect repellents, flavouring, aromatherapy, and pharmaceuticals.

Persistent rain has halted both harvesting and distillation in India. The process of cutting is 80% complete in major growing regions such as Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. The supply for lemongrass oil is extremely tight as carry-forward stocks have nearly depleted. During the dew season, cultivation is put on hold. Thus, no fresh material is expected until March, which is the start of India’s summer cycle. There is strong domestic demand for the oil especially from north India. This has further put strain on the limited stock. With distillation units remaining idle, and no new arrivals expected until the end of the cutting cycle in November–December, supply will remain tight in the short-term. At present, oil prices are holding firm but they have an upward curve.

Mentha Arvensis Oil Mentha Arvensis Harvest: July - December

In India, mentha arvensis is primarily cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Bihar. It thrives in humid climates with stable temperatures and well-irrigated sandy loam soils. To acquire the oil, leaves and stems are steam-distilled and they produce a menthol-rich oil. It is used in oral care, balms, pharmaceuticals, cooling applications, flavourings, and isolates such as menthol crystals.

Unfavourable weather conditions like heavy mid-monsoon rainfall have impacted the supply of mentha arvensis. The market for the oil in India is under pressure as domestic production is insufficient to meet growing local demand. A major reason for this supply shortage is the influx of mislabeled synthetic menthol from overseas. Due to this fraudulent stock, natural oil prices have come down and farmers are moving towards alternative high-value crops. Despite the supply challenges, this is a great opportunity for buyers to stock authentic natural oils and isolates at favourable prices.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: June - August

Nutmeg is primarily cultivated in Kerala and Karnataka. It flourishes in warm, humid tropical climates with fertile, well-drained soils. The kernel and mace of the fruit both undergo steam distillation or CO2 extraction to produce warm, spicy essential oils. They are used in flavourings, confectionery, aromatherapy, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals. The nutmeg season in India has concluded with low yields due to heavy rainfall.

Due to the limited supply prices for whole nuts, chips, mace and powders have increased. While there is steady domestic demand, buyers are being selective and focusing on quality. Production has increased in Sri Lanka, but due to low-yields the volumes are not enough to offset the supply gaps. Steady exports are arriving from Indonesia but buyers remain cautious due to shorter harvests, firm pricing and quality concerns. The uncertain supply from global players is expected to result in firm prices for the Indian variety.

Palmarosa Oil Cymbopogon martini Harvest: January - June

Palmarosa thrives in warm, semi-arid climates with well-drained soils and full sunlight. The grassy biomass of the plant is steamdistilled to produce an oil rich in geraniol. The oil is extensively used in perfumery, soaps, cosmetics, and aromatherapy. The acreage for palmarosa cultivation in India has declined drastically by nearly 90%. This is primarily because farmers have moved to more profitable crops. There are limited active fields in major producing states like Karnataka, Odisha, and Maharashtra.

Demand for the oil remains strong globally and in the domestic market, but supply is heavily restricted. Persistent rainfall has also disrupted harvesting and distillation cycles. Per-acre yields have reduced even with machine-assisted cutting. This demand-supply imbalance has resulted in a sharp increase in price over the past two months. Until January-February only minimal fresh production is expected. This will keep the market tight and prices high.

Peppermint Oil Mentha piperita Harvest: April - July

Peppermint thrives in well-drained loamy soils and temperate climates with cool nights. The crop is steam-distilled soon after harvesting and it produces an oil rich in menthol and menthone. Peppermint oil is widely used in oral care, confectionery, pharmaceuticals, aromatherapy, inhalation products, and cooling formulations.

India produces high quality peppermint oil that meets global compliance audits and has organic certification. Unfavourable weather has impacted production in India with exceptionally low yields in 2025. Severe and prolonged rainfall from June to September significantly affected yields across key growing belts such as Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and parts of Bihar. There is limited carryover stock and most of the inventory is concentrated among a handful of established players. Supply is expected to remain tight through June 2026. With the fluctuating market scenario, it is ideal to secure medium-term requirements

Spearmint Oil Mentha spicata Harvest: July - August

Spearmint crops thrive in well-drained soils, moderate temperatures, and environments with consistent moisture but no waterlogging. Steam distillation of fresh herbs yields an oil rich in carvone. It is prized for its sweet, minty aroma. Spearmint oil is widely used in oral hygiene, confectionery, pharmaceuticals, aromatherapy, herbal beverages, and digestive formulations. Initial projections for spearmint oil production in India were strong for 2025. Though severe monsoons in primary growing areas of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana have adversely impacted yield. Heavy rainfall, along with low field access, and reduced distillation efficiency has kept the supply limited.

All these factors have resulted in a supply-demand imbalance and prices have risen sharply. At present, the market sentiment favours buy on need strategy with consumers waiting for the next harvest season. The shrinking margins have also pushed farmers away from mint crops. To ensure long-term stability in the market, coordinated support across the value chain is needed.

Turmeric Oil Curcuma longa

In India, turmeric grows widely across Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Odisha. It requires warm tropical conditions, ample rainfall, and fertile loamy soil. Oil is extracted from the leaves through steam distillation. It is valued for its high alpha-phellandrene content, and is used in perfumery, natural insect repellents, aromatherapy blends, household products, and flavourings.

Turmeric leaf oil supply in India remains tight as the harvesting season has ended and only limited residual stock remains in circulation. The majority of carry over stock has already been traded and fresh materials are not expected until the next harvest. Domestic demand has softened, but limited supply has put a strain on the market. The market for turmeric leaf oil is expected to stay stable until the next harvest, as both demand and supply stay low preventing prices to decline.

Vetiver Oil Vetiveria zizanoides Harvest: All Year

Indian vetiver largely grows in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. It thrives in sandy, well-drained soils with hot climates and moderate rainfall. The root of the plant undergoes prolonged steam distillation to yield earthy, smoky vetiver oil. It is widely used in perfumery, aromatherapy, cooling applications, tobacco flavours, and vetiveryl acetate production, which is a semi-synthetic fragrance compound.

The harvesting season for Indian vetiver has concluded and the market depends on limited carry over stock. The supply situation is stable but tight as no fresh arrivals will enter the market before March. Limited volumes are being traded as the domestic market is being influenced by export fluctuations. There is uncertainty in export scheduling due to logistical challenges like tariff-related delays. Additionally, the political instability in Haiti, which is a major global producer, has tightened international supply. This has indirectly shifted focus on the Indian market with their strong price levels. Prices are expected to remain steady until the next harvest.

Clove Oil Eugenia caryophyllata Harvest: May - September

Clove oil availability stayed tight through the October-December 2025 period, supported by weather-sensitive production conditions and ongoing pressure from inconsistent clove yields
across Indonesia. The expected market correction that was anticipated earlier in 2025 did not materialise, largely because supply remained restricted and market participants continued to report limited carryover material. The industry maintained cautious coverage strategies, and spot supply remained difficult to replace due to uneven harvest progress and distillation output variability. This environment kept pricing firm and with the winter season typically strengthening demand for fragrance and flavour related formulation activity, limited relief is expected in the short term, keeping the overall sentiment stable to firm.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: All Year

Indonesia continues to be among the world’s key suppliers of nutmeg oil, with cultivation concentrated in the Maluku Islands and North Sulawesi, where nutmeg trees thrive in fertile and well drained soils. The oil is produced primarily via steam distillation of dried nutmeg seeds and continues to enjoy steady demand from flavour, fragrance, and aromatherapy industries due to its warm, spicy, woody profile. Through October-December 2025, supply conditions remained broadly balanced, but farmer decision making continued to influence availability, as growers evaluate profitability between selling nutmeg as a dry spice versus sending raw material into distillation. Prices edged slightly higher during the winter quarter due to consistent demand coverage and tightening seasonal demand, but overall, the market remained relatively stable compared with more volatile Indonesian oils.

Patchouli Oil Pogostemon cablin Harvest: All Year

Indonesia remains the dominant producer of patchouli oil with production centered in Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Java. Although cultivation expanded over the last few years following earlier high prices, the market has continued to face uneven availability due to cost inflation, variable distillation output, and limited carryover stocks. During October-December 2025, patchouli oil prices stabilized at elevated levels, reflecting a structurally firm market where new planting has not yet translated into enough additional oil flow to create surplus.

Producers and exporters continue to maintain cautious selling positions, and buyers remained exposed to volatility due to inconsistent supply logistics and continuing price sensitivity across the perfume and personal care industries. Overall market sentiment remains firm, and meaningful supply relief is not anticipated during the winter window.

Key Lime Oil Citrus aurantifolia Harvest: May - October

Key lime thrives in the tropical climate of Mexico, and grows primarily along the Pacific coast and
the Yucatan peninsula. Michoacan and Colima are the leading producers of key lime in Mexico. It requires full sun and well-drained, sandy-loam soil with pH level between 6-7.5 to flourish. Lime is highly sensitive to cold and requires moderately high temperatures. Key lime oil is obtained from the peel via steam distillation. The oil produced has a distinct, clear, sharp, terpineol-like scent and is known for its uplifting profile. It is used in flavouring food and beverages, and in aromatherapy for stress and mood enhancement. It is also used in skincare products for its purifying and antioxidant properties.

In August production in the Tecomán region was medium to low and the average fruit load was
48%. During this period, prices saw an upward trend. In the second half of September, production and fruit availability increased, leading to a slight fall in price.

Lime Oil Citrus aurantifolia Harvest: May - August

Persian lime is the largest produced variety of lime globally. It is favoured for its seedless fruit.
Premium fruit quality is obtained in regions with a tropical environment with consistent moisture, full sun exposure, and fertile, and well-draining soil. Persian lime essential oil is primarily obtained through cold pressing of the fresh peel. It is a gentle method and the oil produced is dark green with a characteristic strong, sweet-tart aroma. Persian lime oil is a versatile ingredient used extensively in the flavouring and fragrance industries, as well as in aromatherapy.

The Oaxaca region’s Persian lime harvest is of good quality, with proper texture and colour. There is no visible damage from pests. In early September, the volume of fruits in the ready-to-cut stage were medium-to-low, but high quantities of fruits were in the olive and tender stages. Most of the harvest was undertaken between late-September to mid-November

Clary Sage Oil Salvia sclarea L.

Clary sage is cultivated primarily in the central and southern regions of Moldova. The plant requires warm continental summers, abundant sunlight, and low humidity. It thrives in Moldova’s well-drained calcareous and loamy soils. Harvesting is carried out when the flowers reach optimal maturity. The aerial parts are then steam distilled to produce an oil rich in linalyl acetate and sclareol. Moldovan clary sage oil is prized in perfumery for its soft, sweet-herbal, musky notes and fixative qualities. It is also widely used in aromatherapy for relaxation, hormonal balance, and emotional well-being. Clary sage oil is used in skincare, natural deodorants, and botanical wellness formulations.

The crop performed better than expected resulting in a stable market situation. The harvest was good and the product is available in the market.

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: November - July

The Spain lemon oil market remained firm through October-December 2025 supported by a tightening raw lemon supply outlook for the 2025-26 season and strengthening forward concerns about reduced processing availability. In September 2025, AILIMPO validated its new harvest estimate, forecasting Spain’s lemon production at 1,027,000 tons for 2025-26, representing an 18% decline compared with the final 2024-25 balance of 1,254,000 tons, while the total cultivation area remained broadly stable at around 50,000 hectares. By variety, AILIMPO projected a 15% drop in Fino and a sharper 25% decline in Verna, driven by adverse flowering and fruit-setting conditions linked to climate volatility, including heavier spring rainfall and higher than usual June temperatures.

This is expected to tighten lemon peel availability and restrict oil extraction potential through the winter processing window. At the same time, improved pest-control efficiency supported by AILIMPO’s monitoring program, including weekly field monitoring and public reporting coverage across key production areas, is expected to improve fruit quality and strengthen fresh-market value

Orange Oil CP Citrus sinensis Harvest: October - May

The Spain orange oil market remains firm, supported by a tighter citrus raw material outlook as Spain enters the 2025/26 season with one of its smallest citrus crops in 16 years. With reduced availability and firm demand from flavour & fragrance, beverage, and cleaning segments, market sentiment for Spanish EU orange oil remains supported through Q4 2025, and buyers continue to focus on coverage planning, authenticity controls, and price risk management as citrus supply tightness in Southern Europe continues into the peak winter demand period.

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: May - July

The U.S. lemon oil market remains balanced to firm, supported by stable consumption across flavour and fragrance, household cleaning, personal care, and functional food & beverage applications, while supply continues to track closely with lemon peel availability and seasonal harvesting flows. California remains the primary U.S. lemon supply base, and official USDA reporting indicates U.S. lemon production increased year-on-year in the latest season, supporting improved raw material availability compared with the prior year.

However, pricing remains sensitive to feedstock costs, processing capacity, and quality-led procurement requirements across industrial users. Broader lemon pricing indicators (used as a feedstock proxy) remained elevated through late 2025. Overall, supply fundamentals are expected to remain balanced through the core winter window, with market direction continuing to be driven by raw lemon availability, origin quality differentials and sustained demand coverage from the cleaning and F&F sectors.

Orange Oil Citrus sinensis Harvest: February - May

The U.S. orange oil market remains firm to bullish through October-December 2025, with constrained availability supported by structurally lower Florida orange output and ongoing volatility driven by citrus greening pressure and weather-related production uncertainty. Orange oil supply continues to be tightly linked to Florida’s juice-processing stream, and official USDA citrus forecasting confirms the severity of supply constraints, with Florida’s 2024-25 orange production forecast at 12.2 million boxes, consisting of 4.60 million boxes of non-Valencia oranges and 7.55 million boxes of Valencia oranges, reinforcing the historically low feedstock availability entering the processing system.

This supply level remains near the lowest point in decades for Florida and continues to translate into reduced peel generation and limited extractable orange oil volumes, maintaining a tight supply environment into the winter demand window. The Florida Department of Citrus continues to publish weekly processor reports tracking production and inventory movement, reinforcing that market availability remains dependent on processing throughput and stock positions rather than fresh-market citrus volumes.

Basil Oil Ocimum basilicum L. Harvest: November - February

Vietnam is a key producer of basil oil. The warm tropical climate and fertile, well-drained alluvial soil found in Vietnam supports vigorous basil cultivation. The crop thrives in temperatures between 25–35°C. It prefers high humidity, abundant sunlight, and regular rainfall. Farmers in Vietnam commonly grow Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum that are valued for their high eugenol and linalool content.

The oil is extracted from freshly harvested basil leaves and flowering tops. They undergo steam distillation, and yield an essential oil with a sweet, herbaceous, and slightly spicy aroma. Basil oil produced in Vietnam is widely used in flavouring, perfumery, aromatherapy, and traditional remedies. It is also incorporated into pain-relief balms, respiratory blends, natural insect repellents, and food formulations. Harvest for the season has officially concluded. Due to favourable weather the leaf quality was exceptional this season. There is a stable supply of raw material and consistent quality of oil is being produced.