Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: May - July

The latest semi-annual report on Argentine citrus from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service updated the fresh lemon production to 1.7 million metric tonnes (MMT) for the 2023–2024 crop, down by 11% from the previous estimate. This revision is attributed to the unexpected weather conditions, with temperatures higher than usual and rains during harvest that affected the original production estimates, not only impacting the size of the lemons but also damaging numerous lemon trees. The number of fresh lemons that will be processed in 2023–2024 has also been revised to 1.340 MMT, reflecting a 6% decrease from the last USDA official estimate of 1.418 MMT. This decrease is attributed to the drop in production of lemons in Argentina for this marketing year. Meanwhile, lemon exports are revised to 220,000 MT, reflecting a 12% decrease from the last official USDA estimate of 250,000 MT. This drop is in line with the decline in production. Furthermore, the competitiveness of the lemon sector has been affected by significant production cost increases, especially in labour, inputs, and energy, among other costs, and high inflation rates. Argentinian lemon producers have faced substantial economic challenges due to persistent international overproduction in the fresh citrus market and stagnant demand.

This has resulted in prolonged periods of lower prices over the past five to seven years compared to the previous decade. Navigating a market characterised by excess supply has been particularly difficult for local producers. In this context, the Tucumán government, with the support of the Argentine Northwest Citrus Association (ACNOA), presented a bill to create the Institute for the Growth and Promotion of Lemons (IFL). According to the Tucumán government, this project aims to help the private sector stop the crisis process that the entire chain is going through, with fewer hectares in production, a surplus in the production of lemons and their derivatives, price problems in the world market, and competition with South Africa. However, this project aroused strong objections from companies, which consider it a market intervention. The private sector argues that the crisis in Tucumán’s citrus industry, as in the rest of the world, is due to an excessive growth of lemon plantations, generating a surplus and therefore a depression in the international prices of fresh lemon, juice, and essential oil.

Eucalyptus Oil Eucalytpus citriodora

Eucalyptus grows extensively in South America, mainly Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It requires high-temperature areas to flourish. Sunlight and shelter from cold winds are imperative for its growth. It is averse to ground that retains moisture and requires well-drained soil. Alkaline-rich soil is also harmful for eucalyptus growth. pH levels ranging from neutral to acidic are ideal for the tree.

The process involves extracting oil from fresh eucalyptus trees. It is a popular ingredient in cough and cold products used to ease congestion. Moreover, mouthwashes, as well as creams and ointments, use it to release muscle and joint pain. 2023 witnessed a decline in the eucalyptus price. But the market has picked up this year. Distilleries in Brazil have committed annual orders to customers with advance purchases.

Lavender Oil Lavandula angustifolia Harvest: July

Lavender is native to the area around the Mediterranean Sea. Certain lavender distillers have shut down because of high production costs. Farmers in Northern Bulgaria uprooted more than 60% of their fields because of the quality of the oil and low price levels. Production is expected to be severely impacted by this, with volumes anticipated to decrease between 25 and 40% from 2023 levels. The weather conditions have also caused a delay in the harvest. There are three varieties available on the market. The first one fully covers ISO 3515 specifications. The second variety is close to the requirements of the ISO 3515 specification. While the third variety is far from meeting the ISO spec requirements. There is a stable demand for lavender oil that meets ISO spec requirements. The demand for organic lavender has been extremely low in the first two quarters.

Melissa Oil Melissa officinalis Harvest: July

Melissa is native to southern Europe and northern Africa. It has bright green, crinkled leaves with a lemon-like odour. The plant grows about two feet tall with branching stems. It flourishes in rich, moist soil and prefers moderate temperatures. During the summer, the plant should be kept at temperatures below 35 °C. Beyond 38°Cthere is a possibility that the leaves of the plant may lose colour. They are also prone to curling and in some cases the plant can wilt and become dry. The market for melissa oil is stable. But the current weather conditions are not favourable for a good harvest. Yield from the first cut is way below expectations due to the hot weather. Oil prices in the market barely cover production costs. Low yield and market price have resulted in many melissa farms opting for other crops.

Rose Oil Rosa damascena Harvest: May - June

Rose generally flourishes at higher elevations, anywhere between 1500m and above. Though it can also be grown in plains with fertile loamy soil and salt-free irrigation water, the ideal temperature range for rose growth is between 15°C and 28°C. Unfavourable weather has impacted the yield. The quality of the crop is still under evaluation. While the harvest started earlier than expected in April, a lack of pickers continues to be a problem. All these factors have made the price of petals volatile. It is early to predict, but expectations of price and quality are similar to 2023. We expect the price to remain stable over the next six months. There is growing interest in the market for rose water, rose absolute, and rose concrete.

Cassia Oil Cinnamomum cassia

Cassia is a medium-sized deciduous or semi-deciduous tree that grows up to 10–15 m in height. It blooms from May to July and produces lightly scented yellow flowers. Temperatures in the range of 19to 25 oC are ideal for cassia growth. The tree requires annual rainfall between 650 and 2400 mm. Cassia is resilient and can survive drought-like conditions. It, however, requires full sunlight to survive. Cassia oil is extracted via steam distillation from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia. The oil extracted is a dark brown, free-flowing liquid with a strong and spicy odour. There is limited stock on the market. Oil distillation from the new crop is expected to commence soon.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus Harvest: June - December

Native to south Asia, in warmer climates, citronella blooms all year-round, while in colder climates it blooms from spring to fall. Citronella oil is extracted from the leaves via a distillation process. Citronella oil is used in aromatherapy applications. It prevents the growth and spread of harmful airborne bacteria, repels flying insects, relaxes the mind and body, and uplifts the mood. It is also known to reduce muscle spasms, ease headaches, and boost energy. Unfavourable weather has resulted in discouraging harvest volumes. There is heavy demand in the market but limited product availability. The market is holding steady now, but there are concerns about price increases in the future. The upcoming harvest cycle is expected to meet the increased demand.

Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus globulus Harvest: July - October

Eucalyptus requires high-temperature areas to flourish. Sunlight and shelter from cold winds are imperative for its growth. It is averse to ground that retains moisture and requires welldrained soil. Alkaline-rich soil is also harmful for eucalyptus growth. Ph levels from neutral to acidic are ideal for the tree. Oil is extracted from fresh eucalyptus trees. It is popularly used in cough and cold products to ease congestion. It is also used in mouthwashes, creams, and ointments to release muscle and joint pain. Export volumes in 2023 were the lowest in a decade, 7.3% lower than the previous year. There is limited interest amongst farmers for the product due to the low price it is fetching in the market. There was a supply shortage during the Chinese New Year, which saw prices go up. There is a complete overhaul in Eucalyptus production in China. Eucalyptol derived from globulus trees, has been completely replaced by eucalyptol from camphor trees. Market economics is the primary reason for this shift. Wood from camphor trees is used for the extraction of oil as well as repurposed for construction. Globulus trees have a single revenue stream from the leaves. Eucalyptol ex-camphor oil is extracted from trunk chips. These chips are then repurposed and used to make construction boards. Until the 1990s, cutting camphor trees was banned. But the restriction was lifted in 2022, and since then, there has been excess in the market. Thus, eucalyptol from camphor trees rich in paracymene is being sold for less than eucalyptus globulus. Tax issues in Yunnan have also had a role to play in this reduction. While perfumers have preferred eucalyptus globulus, economics has driven most towards eucalyptol ex camphor.

Wintergreen Oil Gaultheria procumbens Harvest: July - September

Wintergreen oil is extracted from the leaves of the plant. Natural material is first fermented, and it is then distilled to acquire pure oil. Methyl salicylate is the active ingredient in the oil thus obtained. It is closely related to aspirin and possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The oil is used as a topical pain reliever. There are limited transactions in the market for oil. Demand is weak, which has led to a substantial decline in production. Farmers are reluctant to distil the oil.

Coriander Seed Oil Corriandrum sativum L. Harvest: July - August

Coriander is native to southwestern Asia, southern Europe, and northern Africa. Its chemical composition is comparable to that of lavender. A green, leafy herb, it grows up to three feet in height. The leaves and seeds of the plant are high in linalool content, lending them medicinal properties. Coriander seed oil is produced from the seeds of the plant via steam distillation. There is a significant gap between supply and demand. During 2021–22, massive quantities of oil were distilled and exported. However in 2023–24, the distillation volumes will come down. Raw material availability is curtailed due to government sanctions and restrictions on bank payments. A new crop cycle is about to commence, though lower volumes are expected this season. Late spring frost in growing areas has adversely impacted the crop. No immediate relief is expected in the oil supply, which will lead to an increase in the price.

Fir Needle Oil Abies sibirica Harvest: November - December

Cool and moist areas of north and central America, Europe, Asia and northern Africa are well suited for fir growth. The mountainous regions in the west of North America are also home to fir trees. A well-drained and moist soil is critical for the growth of the fir needle tree. Acidic or neutral soil with pH levels of 5.5-7 is considered ideal for fir needle. Full sunlight is also an important component for the cultivation of fir needle trees. Oil is extracted via steam distillation from fir needles. It is colourless to pale yellow with a fresh, woody, sweet aroma. Fir needle oil is used in aromatherapy and is a popular ingredient in making perfumes, bath oils, and air fresheners. The supply of fir needle oil is also impacted by limited raw material availability. Distillation volumes have come down in 2023–24 as compared to 2021–22. Government sanctions and restrictions on bank payments are responsible for the scarcity of raw materials.

Clary Sage Oil Salvia sclarea Harvest: June - July

Clary sage is native to the northern Mediterranean basin and grows in north Africa and central Asia. It is a biennial plant that takes two years to mature. The first year, the plant produces broad leaves, and the following year, flowers bloom with hues of white lavender. The plant grows 2-4 feet in height during the second year. The blooming season for clary sage flowers is between June and August. Clary Sage has easy cultivation and enjoys bright sunlight. It flourishes in medium-moisture, well-drained soil.

High temperatures and humidity are harmful for the growth of the plant. During the winter, wet soil can hamper its growth. Ideally, sandy or gravelly soil with a good drainage system is perfect for the cultivation of clary sage. There is increased demand for clary sage, and there is hardly any product on the market. This has resulted in an increase in price.

Helichrysum Oil Helichrysum italicum Harvest: July - August

Helichrysum italicum is native to the Mediterranean region and southern Europe. It is also known as the curry plant since its leaves possess a strong curry odour. It is a low-care plant that is sown, ideally in the spring or light monsoon. It grows in most kinds of soil and is even drought-tolerant. Though in the initial phase of cultivation, it does require regular watering. Traditionally, helichrysum has been popular for its medicinal properties. It works as an antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory remedy. Dried flowers from the plant are also used for medicinal purposes. The oil is extracted from the green parts of the plant, including the stems and leaves. It has an earthy aroma with floral notes. Apart from its medicinal properties, the oil is also used for skin care and pain relief. There is a limited supply of oil on the market.

Lavender Oil Lavandula angustifolia Harvest: September

Lavender traces its history back 2500 years to the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and India. Today, it prospers in the area around the Mediterranean Sea. Lavender requires abundant sunlight and fast-draining soil for its growth. Reasonably fertile and dry soil is preferable for lavender growth. It is unlikely to survive in extreme cold, damp, or areas shaded from the sun. Winter and spring are the ideal seasons for lavender cultivation. Areas with severe winters start plantations after the danger of frost is over. Lavender is a perennial crop with a productive life of almost a decade. Lavender oil is extracted via steam distillation from partly dried flowers. It is extremely popular in aromatherapy. Lavender promotes relaxation and releases stress. It is known to reduce anxiety, insomnia, fight depression, and cure headaches. There is abundant stock available.

Oregano Oil Origanum vulgare

Oregano is a native Mediterranean herb but also grows in Mexico, Italy, Turkey, the Dominican Republic, and Greece. It belongs to the mint family. For its cultivation, average nutrient content in the soil is ideal. It can grow in areas that aren’t suitable for other plants. Soil rich in nutrients can temper the spiciness of oregano. It also requires full sunlight during its growth cycle. The best time to plant oregano is in early spring or summer. It takes approximately 80–90 days to attain maturity. Though harvesting can commence 6–8 weeks after sowing, Oregano has an intense flavour if harvested just before the formation of flowers. It is popular in culinary circles due to its strong flavour. But it also has health benefits due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It can be used to reduce coughs, aid in digestive issues, treat parasitic infections, and heal wounds. There is a decent stock of conventional and organic varieties. Demand for oregano has been normal in the market.

Tarragon Oil Artemisia dracunculus Harvest: May - August

Tarragon is a bushy aromatic herb belonging to the Asteraceae family. The plant is native to Siberia but is also cultivated in France, Spain, and North America. Tarragon is averse to wet conditions and prospers in well-drained, sandy, and light soil. It is a perennial herb that prefers warm, sunny spots and grows from late spring to early fall. The leaves of tarragon are bright green in colour and have a warm odour. It contains 0.3–1% essential oil, with the principal component being methyl chavicol. The oil is extracted via steam distillation from the leaves. Tarragon belongs to the sunflower family and is extensively used for flavouring, fragrance, and medicinal purposes. It is low in calories and contains nutrients like manganese, iron, and potassium. The French variety has a stronger flavour and is popular in culinary circles. There is high-quality stock from last season in circulation. Evaluation in terms of volume and quality for the 2024 stock is underway.

Black Pepper Oil Piper nigrum L.

Black pepper is a flowering vine that is cultivated for its fruit. The fruit is usually dried and is famous as a spice and for seasoning. The colour of the dried, unripe fruit depends on the period of harvesting. To get black pepper, almost ripe peppercorns need to be picked. They are then left to be dried until they turn black. Pepper takes approximately 2–3 years after cultivation to bear fruit. It is a perennial plant with a lifespan of over 30 years. However, it can be commercially viable for anywhere between 12 and 20 years. Black pepper is a tropical plant that flourishes in warm, wet conditions. It requires high temperatures and consistent, substantial rainfall to grow. The soil should be well drained, with pH levels between 5.5 and 6.5. Red laterite soil is the best for black pepper cultivation. There is erratic demand for the product in the market. Production is expected to be higher than in 2023. The harvest for this season is over.

Borage Oil Borago officinalis L.

According to the Fundecitrus forecast released in May, the 2024–2025 orange production in the São Paulo and West-Southwest of Minas Gerais citrus belt is expected to decrease by 24.36% from 307.22 million boxes (M. boxes) in the previous season. The forecast shows 232.38 M. boxes of 40.8 kg each, making it the second-smallest crop since 1988–1989. The forecast also predicts lower orange production in the North, Northwest, Central, and South sectors, with the Southwest region experiencing increased production.

This production is divided as follows, and the figures in parentheses indicate the drop in production compared to the previous crop.
• 37.12 M. boxes of the Hamlin, Westin, and Rubi varieties (-36.10%);
• 15.72 M. boxes of the Valencia Americana, Seleta, Pineapple, and Alvorada varieties (-15.07%);
• 70.97 M. boxes of the Pera Rio variety (-27.30%);
• 81.58 M. boxes of the Valencia and Valencia Folha Murcha varieties (-22.45%);
• 26.99 M. boxes of the Natal variety (-2.91%).

Approximately 14.61 M. boxes are expected to be produced in the Triângulo Mineiro (-47.48%). Adverse climatic conditions, including a heatwave in September 2023, have led to high water stress and fruit drop, affecting market players due to high orange juice prices and limited availability.

The unfavourable climatic conditions triggered a drop in the number of fruits per tree for the second consecutive year. This year, the reduction was even more pronounced, reaching an average of 29%, as compared to the 5% recorded in the previous crop. The forecast of drier weather over the next six months is expected to continue impacting the crop, further hindering fruit growth and increasing the challenge of keeping groves supplied with water even where irrigation systems are installed.

The cultivation of citrus in Brazil has also been heavily impacted by the occurrence of pests and diseases, especially Huanglongbing (HLB), or greening. The damage is accentuated in the country’s main producing region, the citrus belt. Greening has affected the Brazilian citrus belt for twenty years and has currently reached an all-time high. According to Fundecitrus, the incidence of citrus greening disease (HLB) in Brazil’s Citrus Belt of São Paulo and Triângulo/Southwest Mineiro rose from 24.42% in 2022 to 38.06% in 2023. According to data by Fundecitrus from 2023, there are in the São Paulo citrus belt 77.22 million contaminated trees, of which 34.79 million are in the initial stage, equivalent to 17 percent; 24.93 million, or 12.3 percent, are facing the intermediate stage; and 17.5 million are facing extremely severe greening, equivalent to 8.6 percent.

The large increase in the incidence of greening in Brazil has led citrus growers in the citrus belt to look for areas where the disease is still absent, such as in the state of goiás, or where it occurs with a lower incidence, such as in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraná, and Mato Grosso do Sul. Even though planting outside the São Paulo citrus belt seems to come with the advantages of more land availability, greening absence and higher industrial productivity due to warmer weather, it also brings up many concerns regarding irrigation and higher management adjustments, warmer regions affecting tree development, and higher freight costs due to logistics issues. The association’s annual survey indicates the disease increasingly demands more effective and collaborative measures. Fundecitrus recently announced two efforts aimed at assisting Brazilian growers with citrus greening. A São Paulo task force will include a focus on the disease, and a credit line will be available for growers with greening in their orchards.

 

Cardamom Oil Elettaria cardamomum Harvest: September - December

Cardamom is native to tropical and subtropical Asia and is primarily cultivated in India, Indonesia, and Guatemala. It is a thick-rooted perennial plant that belongs to the ginger family. Fully matured cardamom reaches a height of up to 3 metres. Flowers from the tree strongly resemble an orchid with yellow petals and partial blue stripes. Cardamon fruits contain brown seeds. Pods are harvested from unripe fruits and dried to obtain the spice. Cardamom cannot survive in temperatures below 15 oC. It requires tropical rainforest-type conditions, which are hot, humid, and mostly moist. It is best planted under the shade of tall trees. Oil is extracted from the dried seeds and fruit of cardamom. The oil has antifungal and antimicrobial properties. It is also known to uplift the mood. There is heavy export demand for the product. Intense summer conditions have impacted the yield, and the harvest season has concluded. The imbalance in supply and demand has resulted in an increase in price.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus

Citronella grows in warm tropical regions of South Asia. In warmer climates, citronella blooms all year round, while in colder climates it blooms from spring to fall. It requires well-drained soil and about 6–8 hours of sunlight to prosper. Reduced demand in the last few years has seen farmers move away from the crop. This has resulted in a shortage of raw materials. The hot summer and water shortage haven’t helped the crop either. All this has resulted in a low oil stock in the market. The market price of citronella oil has increased, and the trend is expected to continue for some time.

Clove oil Syzygium aromaticum

Native to southeast Asia, clove is mostly cultivated in coastal areas. It requires high humidity and prospers in areas that get an annual rainfall of 130–180 cm. Clove bud oil is extracted by distilling dried flower buds from the tree. The stem and leaves of the tree can also be used to produce oil. The oil thus produced has hues ranging from colourless to light yellow. It is strong, has a spicy aroma, and has a wide selection of applications. Clove oil is known to have antimicrobial properties that help kill bacteria. It also works as a pain reliever for toothaches and muscle pain. It aids in respiratory conditions like coughing and asthma. Clove oil is also known to be an effective treatment for itching. There is an expectation of demand to pick up in the coming days. Raw material availability is limited, and this could potentially see a surge in the price of oil.

Davana Oil Artemisia Pallens Harvest: February - April

Davana is native to India and part of the silver-leaf artemisia family. It is an aromatic herb that grows up to 60 cm in height. Davana is a tolerant herb and can survive in most soil types. But well-drained, sandy loam rich in organic matter is ideal for davana cultivation. Crops sown in the first week of November produce the highest content of essential oil. Oil is extracted from the flowers of the plant via steam distillation. It has a sweet, tea-like aroma, suggestive of a dry fruit. Davana oil has several therapeutic properties and is used to treat indigestion, nausea, and menstrual cramps. It also aids in providing relief from coughs and congestion. Demand for davana oil with a high davanone content is expected to increase. Stocks with low davanone content are available to traders and farmers. The season is over, and a low volume of good quality oil with a high davanone content is available.

Ginger Oil Zingiber officinale Harvest: January - April

India is the largest producer of ginger in the world. Other countries that are actively involved in ginger production include Indonesia, Japan, China, Jamaica, Nigeria, and Brazil. Ginger flourishes in hot, humid conditions when planted in soil rich with lots of nutrients. The ideal season for ginger cultivation is between May and June. Rainfall in the range of 150 cm is considered preferable for ginger propagation. Ginger oil is extracted from ginger rhizomes via a distillation process. It has a strong, spicy aroma and is often used in aromatherapy. It is also used to solve multiple skin and hair-related problems, as well as colds, digestive issues, nausea, and migraines. There is a limited supply of raw materials, but there is heavy demand in the market.Suppliers are finding it difficult to meet this growing demand.

Lemongrass Oil Cymbopogon citratus Harvest: July - November

Scientifically known as Cymbopogon citratus, lemongrass is a tropical grass native to Southeast Asia. It is largely cultivated for its aromatic properties. Lemongrass prefers full sunlight for growth. Fertile, well drained soil with pH levels between 6.5-7 is ideal for the cultivation of lemongrass. Fully matured grass can reach a height of 1.8 m. It survives for several years, with a likely lifespan of four years. Lemongrass oil is extracted from the leaves and stalks of the plant and has a strong citrusy aroma. It has several healthcare benefits and can be used to treat digestive ailments and high blood pressure. It is also used in aromatherapy to relieve stress, anxiety, and depression. Stable demand for the oil is expected through July. Distillation from the new harvest has begun. The citral content in the oil is expected to be lower compared to last quarter. The price of oil is estimated to fall in the coming month.

Mentha Arvensis Oil Mentha Arvensis Harvest: July - December

Mentha arvensis, or corn mint, is a flowering plant species from the mint family. The difference between mentha piperita and mentha arvensis is the concentration of menthol, which is lower in arvensis. There is a 10–25% reduction in crop size. While large plantations in areas like Barabanki are still producing decent volumes, other areas have seen the crop size decrease. Warm weather is conducive to the growth of mentha arvensis. With high temperatures in the country right now, yield may increase slightly. Synthetic menthol has gained popularity globally. India has imported over 12,000 MT of synthetic menthol. The options to buy natural have been reduced, with few sellers distributing the product. The price of natural varieties is controlled due to the presence of synthetic menthol. The price is not expected to fluctuate. Only DMO, which is a by-product of menthol, has seen a spurt in price.

Palmarosa Oil Cymbopogon martini Harvest: January - June

Palmarosa is a popular essential oil used cosmetically as well as medicinally. The oil is derived from the Cymbopogon martini plant. It is an evergreen tree native to southeast Asia, especially India. It is a perennial grass, the stems of which can grow up to 3 m tall. It is planted at a distance of 1 metre between rows. It requires good sunlight and well-drained soil to prosper. An annual rainfall of 70– 80 cm is ideal for the cultivation of the plant. The crop is harvested when flowers bloom in the grass. Palmarosa oil is extracted from dried grass via steam distillation. The distilled oil mainly consists of geraniol and geranyl acetate. The oil has antiseptic properties and is used to heal wounds. Unpredictable weather and a lack of groundwater have resulted in a shortage of raw materials. This has led to a substantial increasein the price of oil since last month.

Peppermint Oil Mentha piperita Harvest: April - July

All varieties of mint prefer bright sunlight to grow. Moisture and soil rich in nutrients will help the plant prosper. Though it is resilient and can grow in most soil types, With the harvest season underway, the coming months will provide a clear picture of yield and quality. Though the expectations are for decent quantity and quality. Crops in several areas have witnessed a drop in volume, while others are holding steady. After consolidating the findings, it is emerging that crop levels have reduced by 10–25%. With prices constantly rising in the last three months, farmers are opting for peppermint. Prices are not expected to come down this season.

Spearmint Oil Mentha spicata Harvest: July - August

Being part of the mint family, spearmint has a square-shaped stem. It gets the name spearmint from its leaves, which have pointed tips like spears. They are around 5–9 cm long and 1–5.3 cm wide. Partial shade is preferable for the growth of spearmint, though it can survive in full sunlight as well. Moist, well-drained, alkaline soil is ideal for its cultivation. It is a perennial plant that produces fresh leaves every spring. The oil is obtained through the steam distillation of partially dried leaves or fresh flowering tops. Spearmint oil has antifungal properties, which help alleviate digestive problems by relaxing stomach muscles. When applied to the skin, it can also reduce swelling caused by nerve or muscle pain. There is limited carryover stock from previous seasons. Crop size is comparable to last year. The price is also in the range of 2023–2024. It is recommended to wait and buy the product when the price falls.

Turmeric Oil Curcuma longa

Turmeric is a tropical plant belonging to the ginger family. India is the largest producer, exporter, and consumer of turmeric in the world. The ideal period to plant turmeric is between September and October. It requires bright sunlight for at least three hours a day. Well-drained soil, rich in organic matter, is essential for turmeric. It is harvested in the fall or early winter once the foliage starts to turn yellow and fade. As rhizomes are collected, a portion is left in the ground, which will regrow next spring. Turmeric has been used for centuries as a spice and medicinal herb. It has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Production is expected to be 30% lower than last year. The harvest season is almost over. There is an increased demand for planting, which has led to an increase in the price of seeds. Stock is being released slowly in the market due to this price increase.

Vetivert Oil Vetiveria zizanoides Harvest: All Year

Haiti is the largest producer of vetiver in the world. They account for around 80% of global production. India and Indonesia are the other major producers. The Haiti variety is valued for its distinct aroma and khushimol content. Though supply from Haiti has become a challenge due to the political instability in the country and the security risks attached to it, This has created a void in the global market and the potential for India to emerge as a feasible substitute. Vetiver oil produced in certain regions, like Pondicherry, has a high khushimol content ranging between 11 and 15%. This is significantly close to the Haiti variety. The aroma also matches that of the oil produced in Haiti. India is a stable market, which assures a consistent supply of the product. Vetiver is native to India, and the climate here suits the cultivation of the plant. It takes approximately 12 months to mature and is harvested in the summer. The roots from this harvest contain the highest concentration of oil.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus Harvest: October - February

Citronella plants have clusters of pink and purple blooms. The flowers are unscented, and the fragrance comes from the leaves. In warmer climates, citronella blooms all year round, while in colder climates it blooms from spring to fall. Citronella oil is extracted from the leaves via a distillation process. Citronella oil is used in aromatherapy applications as it prevents the growth and spread of harmful airborne bacteria, repels flying insects, relaxes the mind and body, and uplifts the mood. It is also known to reduce muscle spasms, ease headaches, and boost energy. Over the past year, numerous farmers have deserted citronella production. Low raw material prices have been responsible for this trend. Since April ended, demand for citronella has risen sharply, though supply is falling drastically short. This has led to a sharp increase in the price of oil.

Clove Leaf Oil Syzygium aromaticum

It is a tense market for clove with supply, logistical, and price challenges. There is a heavy demand for cloves but a limited supply of raw materials. Clove flourishes in humid tropical weather. The weather forecast in Indonesia is not conducive to clove production. Potentially, a short or non-existent dry season is predicted, which will impact production, resulting in lower volumes. The current output is limited, and the trend is expected to continue, at least until July 2024. Shipping clove oil is also becoming a challenge. Carriers are refusing to transport clove oil due to its strong odor. All these factors combined have resulted in an increase in an increase in the price of clove derivatives, including clove leaf oil and eugenol.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: All Year

Nutmeg trees reach their prime in 25 years. Once fully mature, they reach a height of 20 metres. They start yielding fruit eight years after sowing and continue to bear fruit for at least 60 years. Nutmeg flourishes in a hot and humid climate. It requires an annual rainfall of 150 cm or more to produce the desired quality. A well-drained soil rich in organic matter is required for nutmeg to flourish. Areas with clay loam, sandy loam, and red laterite soils are considered ideal for its growth. Recent weather conditions in Indonesia haven’t been favourable for nutmeg growth. Indonesia is expected to experience medium rainfall between June and August. However, quality concerns continue to plague the nutmeg market, with no immediate solution in sight.

Patchouli Oil Pogostemon cablin Harvest: All Year

The market for patchouli is wading through unfamiliar and severe conditions. There is an extreme scarcity of raw materials. Suppliers are finding it challenging to get their hands on raw materials with PA levels of 30% and light-coloured materials. Since 2021, there has been a significant drop in the price of patchouli. As a result, between 2022 and the first quarter of 2023, the cultivation area of patchouli declined significantly. Farmers either shifted towards more profitable crops, such as palm oil, or explored alternate opportunities in mining. This trend was particularly prevalent in Sulawesi. Those who stuck with patchouli faced challenges due to the prolonged drought caused by El Nino. The deteriorating quality of the soil and the wilt virus worsened the situation further. This year, production in the first quarter relied on harvests from the previous two quarters in 2023. Unfortunately, those crops were impacted by the drought. The onset of rain in January 2024 saw an increase in plantings on existing and new lands. This will continue through the rainy season. While production is expected to increase in the next cycle, it is unlikely to compensate for the shortfall of previous years. These factors, together, have resulted in an unprecedented rise in the price of oil. It is expected to increase further, at least until the end of the year.

Key Lime Oil Citrus aurantifolia Harvest: May - October

Mexico lime production is forecast to be 5% lower at 3.0 million metric tons (MMT) as growers expect citrus greening to affect yields. Lime production is also expected to fall in Michoacan and Colima states due to less stability in the supply chain, including security concerns in some growing areas. Consumption and exports are lowered due to the reduced supplies. The United States is expected to continue to account for nearly all of Mexico’s exports.

Vanilla Absolute Vanilla planifolia

Vanilla is native to Mexico, though today it grows extensively in Indonesia and Madagascar. It thrives in areas with a humid tropical climate and rainfall in the range of 200–300 cm. It can be cultivated anywhere from sea level to a height of 1500 m above sea level. Well-drained soil, rich in humus, is considered ideal for the propagation of vanilla. The plant will not survive in waterlogged areas or on ground with clayey soil. Vanilla flowers bloom from December to February, with a single-day life span for a flower. While the plant starts flowering in its third year, it produces the most flowers during its 7th or 8th year. Vanilla absolute is extracted from the pods of vanilla through solvent extraction. The resulting extract is strong and has a sweet and creamy aroma. It is incredibly popular in the fragrance industry but also possesses anti-inflammatory properties.

Blue Tansy Oil Tanacetum annuum Harvest: August - October

Blue tansy is a Mediterranean herb with yellow flowers that was originally harvested in the wild. Today, large concentrations of the plant are found in Morocco. It requires well-drained soil and full sunlight to grow. It blossoms from June to September. Blue tansy oil is extracted from the leaves, flowers, and stems of the plant. It has a sweet, herbal fragrance because of its high camphor content. The oil gets its shade from a compound called chamazulene. The compound has a deep blue colour and is produced during steam distillation. Blue tansy oil has a high concentration of chamazulene and can leave a blue colour on skin and surfaces. It is an expensive essential oil due to its popularity in the beauty industry. It is used in products like acne creams and anti-aging solutions. It also draws interest for its calming effects and healing properties. Limited quantities are available in stock. Volumes currently in circulation are part of carry-over stock.

Cedarwood Oil Atlas Cedrus atlantica Harvest: All Year

Cedarwood atlas is native to Morocco and Algeria. Cedarwood forests cover approximately 130,000 hectares in the Rif and Atlas Mountains. The trees grow at an altitude of 1600 to 2000 m and attain a height of 40 m. Cedarwood atlas trees require well-drained soil and find it hard to survive in waterlogged conditions. The soil should be neutral to slightly acidic, with pH levels of 6 to 6.5. There is limited demand for the oil. Thus, the price is not fluctuating.

Neroli Oil Citrus aurantium Harvest: April - May

Tunisia, Morocco, and Egypt are the leading producers of neroli oil. The oil is extracted from the blossom of the bitter orange tree. Bitter oranges prefer warm, moist environments to prosper. It requires constant and heavy watering to keep the soil moist. While the leaves of bitter orange produce petitgrain oil, flowers are the source of neroli oil. The flowers are gathered between late April and early May. Neroli is a niche product since almost 1000 blossoms are used to produce 1 pound of neroli oil. Neroli oil has a rich, floral aroma with citrusy undertones. It is popularly used in the perfumery industry as a base note for fragrances and scented products. It also has a soothing effect on the mind and body, can impact the mood, and is extensively used in aromatherapy, cosmetics, and body lotions. Storm Nelson has been wreaking havoc across Europe and has impacted the crop. Volumes have reduced by 20% from predicted levels.

Rosemary Oil Rosmarinus officinalis Harvest: All Year

Rosemary prospers in warm climates and is native to southern Europe, Asia Minor, and hills along the Mediterranean seacoast. It flourishes in sunlight. The greater the intensity of sunlight, the stronger the aroma and flavour of the herb. Rosemary is an adaptable plant that can grow in any soil type. Though it needs well-drained soil to prosper, On average, a rosemary plant lives for 10 years, though some may survive for a couple of decades. Rosemary oil is extracted from the dried leaves of the plant. The oil is primarily used as a food seasoning. Though aromatic oil also has medicinal benefits, researchers are using the oil in the development of new medicines. Due to its antioxidant nature, it is also used in skincare to treat acne and as an anti-aging product. It also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. There is a shortage of crops and very high demand. The oil price is staying firm.

Wild Chamomile Ormenis mixta Harvest: May

western Asia. Bright sunlight and well-drained soil are imperative for its growth. It is neither dependent on too many nutrients in the soil nor on tons of fertiliser. It can grow in poor soils and does not have prominent pest issues during its cultivation. The harvest and flowering seasons of chamomile are between June and September. Wild chamomile oil is extracted via steam distillation from the flowers. It is believed that inhaling chamomile oil reduces anxiety and promotes sleep. It is thus used in diffusers during aromatherapy. It is also used as a bath oil, in lotions, and for massages. Chamomile also has medicinal benefits like treating indigestion, nausea, rashes, and pain relief. Currently, there is a shortage of crops.

Douglas Fir oil Pseudotsuga menziesii

Douglas fir is an evergreen tree with needle-like leaves year-round. There are two varieties of Douglas fir, which are differentiated by their habitat, physical characteristics, and growth rates. Coast Douglas fir grows faster and reaches a height of 250 feet, while rocky mountain Douglas fir only reaches a height of 160 feet. Douglas fir native to New Zealand is sweeter, with a freshness unique to this variety. It is sourced from a single plantation, which helps maintain quality standards. The oil thus extracted is ideal for perfume and is still available at a competitive price. Douglas fir possesses a complex aroma with a blend of citrus and camphorous notes. With a bright, fresh character and without unpleasant notes, it is popular for its applications in aromatherapy and usage in niche fragrances. Douglas fir is unique, though in the coming years, it has the potential to become a mainstream fragrance and flavour option.

Manuka Oil Leptospermum scoparium Harvest: April - October

Manuka is grown and harvested in the wild. It is an adaptable tree that flourishes all around New Zealand. It is found in coastal regions and at higher altitudes. It can also sustain a broad range of temperatures and changes in climate. It can endure high-speed winds, poor soil, and severe environments. It can forge roots in cliffs and swampy wetlands. Manuka oil is extracted from the leaves of manuka trees via steam distillation. Manuka is high in leptospermone, which is beneficial for skin care. It nourishes the skin with long-chain fatty acids and helps maintain the pH balance of the skin. Manuka is highly effective against oral pathogens due to its antibacterial properties. This makes it a popular ingredient in products like toothpaste, floss, and mouthwash. It is also gaining increased interest from the activewear industry.

Guaiacwood Oil Bulnesia Sarmientoi Harvest: All Year

Guaiacum sanctum is an evergreen tree native to the dry coastal areas of the Bahamas, West Indies, Florida Keys, central America, and northern parts of South America. It is a slow-growing, broad-leaf shrub that is popular globally for possessing the most resilient and hardest wood in the world. This small tree can withstand drought but cannot grow without proper sunlight. It prefers well-drained soil that is neutral or mildly acidic. A mixture of wood and sawdust from the tree is steam-distilled to produce guaiac wood oil. The oil has numerous health benefits due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiseptic nature. It has a sweet, woody, rose-like aroma and is used in making multiple skin care products and perfumes. CITES has not raised any issues regarding the product. There is decent production of the oil, and it is available on the market.

Petitgrain Oil Citrus aurantium Harvest: All Year

Petitgrain oil is primarily produced in Paraguay and France. It is extracted via steam distillation from the leaves and twigs of a bitter orange tree. Petitgrain oil produced in Paraguay has a stronger odour. The oil is greenish in colour with a woody orange aroma. It is popularly used in making perfumes and colognes. Petitgrain oil is a popular skincare ingredient due to its antiseptic and astringent properties. It tightens pores, regulates sebum, and cleanses the skin. The oil also has a calming effect on the mind and body. Oil is available in the market. From March to May, decent volumes were produced. For the period between June and August, production is expected to be slow. A drop in domestic prices also saw export prices go down between March and May.

Buchu Leaf Oil Agathosma betulina Harvest: February - March, October - November

Buchu Betulina is native to the mountainous regions of South Africa. It is a flowering plant, the leaves of which are dried and steam distilled to obtain a dark yellow and minty oil. Its leaves are also used in making medicine. Buchu can be applied to the skin to cure skin infections and works as an insect repellent. It is also used in fragrances and as a flavouring agent in foods. At present, the El Nino Southern Oscillation is still in El Nino State. Though it is weakening, it is expected to decline into a neutral state by mid- or end-of-winter. During winter, the south-western Cape of South Africa generally receives significant rainfall. But the El Nino phenomenon has led to a dry winter thus far. As per forecasts, the next three months are also expected to receive below-normal rainfall. Buchu requires winter rainfall to flourish. Thus, production volumes are expected to be lower for the upcoming harvest.

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: November - July

Following favourable weather conditions, EU lemon production for 2023–2024 is forecast to recover from the low recorded in 2022–2023 and amount to nearly 1.7 million metric tons (MMT). The increase is driven by both the larger area harvested and the improved yields registered in Spain, the largest EU-producing Member State. According to the latest estimates provided by the Spanish agricultural union COAG, in the 2023–2024 season, around 400,000 metric tons of lemons cannot be sold and will go to waste—about 27% of the planned production. Losses from this massive waste are estimated at €120 million ($129 million). Spanish farmers have blamed the problem on various factors: lemons entering the European Union from Turkey, Egypt, Argentina, and South Africa; investment funds altering the market; supermarkets that only want aesthetically perfect fruit; the rise in pests; climatic adversities, among others. However, some in the sector openly recognize that the main reason for the disaster is the disproportionate rise in the number of hectares cultivating lemons on Spain’s Mediterranean coast. For AILIMPO, what’s most important right now is to address the losses of this disastrous season. But the organisation also believes that green measures are key to ensuring long-term economic profitability. The organisation is trying to design a system of green practices to improve CO2 absorption, which will allow the sector to generate carbon credits.

Black Pepper Oil Piper nigrum L. Harvest: December - February

Black pepper is native to southern India but also grows extensively in southeast Asia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Brazil. It is a tropical plant that flourishes in warm, wet conditions. It requires high temperatures and consistent, substantial rainfall to grow. The soil should be well drained, with pH levels between 5.5 and 6.5. Red laterite soil is the best for black pepper cultivation. Pepper takes approximately 2–3 years after cultivation to bear fruit. It is a perennial plant with a lifespan of over 30 years. Though it is commercially viable for anywhere between 12 and 20 years, There is a limited supply of black pepper on the international market. Though stock from the December harvest is circulating in the market, There is also anticipation of fresh stock from the harvest in April.

Cinnamon Oil Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Harvest: May - December

Cinnamon is native to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and the Malabar coast of India. It also grows in South America and the West Indies. Cinnamon prospers in a warm and humid climate with temperatures in the range of 27 oC. Long spells of dry weather are harmful to the plant. The last three years have been challenging for Cinnamon. Between 2020 and 2022, the market declined due to the COVID pandemic. There was diminishing farmer interest in the product, and the price was reduced as well. In 2023, the market continued to be slow, though stocks from the previous year were still in circulation. Heavy rainfall and farmer disinterest saw production levels remain low. This year, the raw material shortage continues due to unfavourable weather conditions. While demand is increasing, there is no supply in the market. Fresh stock is expected to hit the market soon, though volumes will not be sufficient to meet demand. A spike in price is expected due to limited supply.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon nardus Harvest: May - December

The major producers of citronella are China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Argentina, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and India. It prospers in tropical and subtropical conditions. Copious amounts of moisture and sunlight are essential for its growth. An annual rainfall of 2000–2500 mm and high atmospheric humidity favourably impact the quality of the harvest and thus the resulting oil produced. Oil is produced from the leaves via steam distillation. There is limited stock on the market. There are concerns about the quality of citronella, especially with respect to contaminants like DEP. Farmers with citronella supply and culture have reduced drastically. Growing areas of citronella have been plagued with unfavourable weather, resulting in floods. The price is expected to stay at its current level and neither increase nor decrease.

Clove Bud Oil Syzygium aromaticum Harvest: January - February

Native to southeast Asia, clove is mostly cultivated in coastal areas. It requires high humidity and prospers in areas that get an annual rainfall of 130–180 cm. Clove bud oil is extracted by distilling dried flower buds from the tree. The stem and leaves of the tree can also be used to produce oil. The oil thus produced has hues ranging from colourless to light yellow. It is strong, has a spicy aroma, and has a wide selection of applications. There is limited availability of clove and clove bud in the market. But globally, the demand for the product has increased. The price of raw materials has firmed because of this increased demand. The price of clove oil, though, is dependent on price fluctuations in Indonesia. The value of local currency has appreciated steadily over the last few months. It is now holding steady. Due to this, export prices have stabilised at a higher level than last year.

Ginger Oil Zingiber officinale Harvest: January - April

Ginger flourishes in hot, humid conditions when planted in soil rich with lots of nutrients. The ideal season for ginger cultivation is between May and June. Rainfall in the range of 150 cm is considered preferable for ginger propagation. It is an herbaceous flowering plant with a lifespan of over two years. India is the largest producer of ginger in the world. Other countries that are actively involved in ginger production include Indonesia, Japan, China, Jamaica, Nigeria, and Brazil. Ginger oil is extracted from ginger rhizomes via a distillation process. It has a strong, spicy aroma and is often used in aromatherapy. It is also used to solve multiple skin and hair-related problems, as well as colds, digestive issues, nausea, and migraines. There is no stock on the market. A fresh supply is expected to commence at the end of the year. Sri Lanka is not exporting ginger, and the price is holding steady.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: February - May

Nutmeg is a tropical evergreen tree. It is native to the Moluccas, or the spice islands of Indonesia. The West Indies is also a major cultivator of nutmeg. It prefers hot and humid climates to grow. The soil used for nutmeg cultivation should either be neutral or slightly acidic. Ph levels in the range of 6-7 are ideal for its growth. Red laterite soil, clay loam, and sandy loam are all good for nutmeg to prosper. The Nutmeg price is stable currently.

Turmeric Oil Curcuma longa.

India is the largest producer, exporter, and consumer of turmeric in the world. It does not grow in the wild but is cultivated throughout the tropics and belongs to the ginger family. The ideal period to plant turmeric is between September and October. It requires bright sunlight for at least three hours a day. Well-drained soil, rich in organic matter, is essential for turmeric. It is harvested in the fall or early winter once the foliage starts to turn yellow and fades. As rhizomes are collected, a portion is left in the ground, which will regrow next spring. Turmeric has been used for centuries as a spice and medicinal herb. It has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is also known to prevent diseases like Alzheimer’s and cancer. The supply of turmeric is only expected to commence at the end of the year. Currently, there is no product in stock, and exports have been halted from Sri Lanka.

Grapefruit Oil Citrus paradisi Harvest: December - April

The latest forecast from the USDA in June for all USA grapefruit production is 8.490 million boxes, over 5% up from the previous season and almost 2% up from the March forecast. This forecast consists of 1.790 million boxes for Florida (1.550 million boxes of red grapefruit and 240,000 boxes of white grapefruit), 4.100 million boxes for California, and 2.600 million boxes for Texas.

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: May - July

Lemon production, 95% of which is supplied by farms in California, is expected to decrease by 17.5% in 2023-2024 compared to final production in 2022-2023, a 10% increase from the March forecast. The June USDA USA total lemon production forecast for 2023–2023 stands at 23.050 M boxes. This forecast consists of 1.050 M boxes for Arizona and 22.000 M boxes for California.

Orange Oil Citrus sinensis Harvest: February - May

According to the USDA June 2024 forecast, total USA orange 2023-2024 production is estimated at 64.960 million boxes (M. boxes), an 8% increase from final production in the 2022-2023 season but a 3% decrease from the March forecast.

• 17.860 M boxes for Florida, with 6.760 M boxes of non-Valencia oranges (early, mid-season, and Navel varieties), and 11.1 M boxes of Valencia oranges;
• 46.00 M boxes for California, with 38.00 M boxes of non-Valencia oranges (early, mid-season, and Navel varieties), and 8.00 M boxes of Valencia oranges; and
• 1.100 M boxes for Texas, with 700,000 boxes of non-Valencia oranges (early, mid-season, and Navel varieties), and 400,000 boxes of Valencia oranges.

Basil Oil Ocimum basilicum L. Harvest: November - February

Basil is a culinary herb belonging to the mint family. It is a tender plant, popular in cuisines globally. Basil is a tropical crop native to India, though it thrives from Central Africa to Southeast Asia. Basil is a warm season crop. It grows in temperatures above 10 °C, provided there is no frost. However, the ideal temperature range for basil to flourish is between 26 and 32 °C. For the germination of basil seeds, the ideal temperatures are 24-29 °C. Basil, an herb, is commonly used in making medicines. It aids in solving stomach problems such as spasms, loss of appetite, intestinal gas, diarrhea, and constipation. It is also a popular food seasoning, and being aromatic in nature, it is used in teas and supplements, providing health benefits. The harvesting season is in progress. A good-quality oil has been produced, and it is fetching a healthy price in the market. European importers are placing monthly orders for the oil.

Cassia Oil Cinnamomum cassia Harvest: July - December

Cassia is native to India, Malaysia, and Southeast Asia. It is a medium-sized deciduous or semi-deciduous tree that grows up to 10–15 m in height. It blooms from May to July and produces lightly scented yellow flowers. Temperatures in the range of 19 to 25 °C are ideal for cassia growth. The tree requires annual rainfall between 650 and 2400 mm. Though cassia is resilient and can survive drought like conditions, it requires full sunlight to survive. Cassia oil is extracted via steam distillation from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia. It has a thicker and darker bark than cinnamon. The flavour is also less sweet than cinnamon and more pungent. The oil extracted is a dark brown, free-flowing liquid with a strong and spicy odor. The harvesting season for cassia will likely begin in July. The cultivation area for cassia has grown. This will be significant in meeting potential demand for the oil.

Ginger Oil Zingiber officinale

India is the largest producer of ginger in the world. Other countries that are actively involved in ginger production include Indonesia, Japan, China, Jamaica, Nigeria, and Brazil. Ginger flourishes in hot, humid conditions when planted in soil rich with lots of nutrients. The ideal season for ginger cultivation is between May and June. Rainfall in the range of 150 cm is considered preferable for ginger propagation. Ginger oil is extracted from ginger rhizomes via a distillation process. It has a strong, spicy aroma and is often used in aromatherapy. It is also used to solve multiple skin and hair-related problems, as well as colds, digestive issues, nausea, and migraines. Quantities from the last harvest are available on the market to meet potential demand. The current harvest season has wrapped up, and the next cycle is expected to commence in October. Being the end of the season, ginger has witnessed a spike in price.

Star Anise Oil Illicium verum Harvest: March - May, November - December

Star anise is a unique spice popular for its distinct flavour and pungent liquorice-like aroma. It is used to regulate blood sugar, improve heart health, treat microbial infections, and even fight cancer. The oil extracted from the plant is used as an antidepressant, for skin disease treatment, and in making products like toothpaste. Star anise is indigenous to southeast China. About 80–90% of the world’s production is accounted for by China. The other major producers are Vietnam and India. Star anise flourishes in tropical and subtropical regions with consistent rainfall. Frost is harmful to the plant. A good harvest requires well-drained, fertile soil with a pH level ranging between 6 and 7.5. Significant airflow and organic matter in the soil are necessary elements for the roots to stay healthy. The cultivation area of star anise is expected to increase by 50,000 hectares. This will help meet any big demands coming for the product. The harvesting season is expected to begin in July.