Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: May - July

Lemons in Argentina thrive in well-drained sandy or loamy soils with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. They need warm subtropical climates with plenty of sunlight and moderate rainfall to flourish. Production is concentrated in the areas of Tucumán, Salta, and Jujuy. Argentine lemon supply is becoming very short. As a long crop, taking about four years to bear fruit, supply trends move slowly. Bigger changes are expected around the Spanish crop in November. Prices rose sharply after nearly five years at unsustainable levels. With these levels being unsustainable for producers, many have switched to sugarcane for biodiesel. This imbalance between supply and demand has pushed the current market price at the source.

Eucalyptus Oil Citriodora Eucalyptus Citriodora Harvest: May - November

Brazil is one of the world’s leading producers of eucalyptus oil. The country’s eucalyptus plantations are concentrated in states such as São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Bahia. Eucalyptus thrives in well drained soils, ranging from sandy loams to clay loams, with good fertility and a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Eucalyptus Citriodora is produced through the year, but midyear has the highest productivity. Rainy season between November-February impacts production, resulting in lower volumes.

Orange Oil CP Citrus sinensis Harvest: July - December

Looking ahead, the 2025–26 harvest is expected to rebound by 36%, driven by favorable climate conditions, improved orchard management, and more productive trees. In the orange oil market, Brazil continues to dominate global production, supplying multiple industries with versatile natural ingredients. Prices have begun to ease slightly, particularly for terpenes, though they remain high overall. At the same time, uncertainty surrounds the potential impact of the newly imposed 50% tariff on Brazilian goods on both the U.S. and wider global markets. While supply challenges linked to disease and climate persist, demand for eco-friendly, natural components ensures that Brazil’s orange oil segment remains firmly on a growth trajectory within the essential oils market.

Lavender Oil Lavandula angustifolia Harvest: July

Bulgarian lavender thrives in light, well-drained calcareous soils and requires sunny slopes with good air circulation. It is widely cultivated in regions like Dobrich and Plovdiv, where continental and sub-Mediterranean climates offer dry, warm summers favourable for oil content. The Bulgarian lavender harvest in 2025 began later than expected due to unseasonal frosts in early May. Demand for Bulgarian ISO quality lavender remains stable. Unsold volumes from previous harvests remain, but their quality is uncertain. Many distilleries are not operating due to raw material shortages and high production costs. Farmers also continue to uproot lavender fields in favour of cereal crops.

Melissa Oil Melissa officinalis Harvest: July

Melissa thrives in fertile, well-drained loamy soils rich in organic matter and prefers exposure to the sun with mild temperatures and regular moisture. It is cultivated in smaller pockets across central and northern Bulgaria, where temperate continental climates support its growth. The crop is sensitive to frost and drought and requires careful management. In 2025, the first melissa harvest in Bulgaria yielded lower volumes than expected. Unfavourable weather conditions like spring frosts, excessive rain in April and May, followed by drought and high summer temperatures severely hampered growth. Farmers are increasingly shifting to alternative crops as production barely covers costs. Oil price is expected to increase in the coming months.

Rose Oil Rosa damascena Harvest: May - June

Bulgarian roses, especially Rosa damascena, flourish in the Rose Valley near Kazanlak. This region provides well-drained alluvial soils and a unique microclimate of mild winters, humid springs, and sunny summers, which is ideal for the growth of roses. The area has a mountain-enclosed basin that preserves the humidity critical for oil concentration, making it highly valued in aromatherapy. The Bulgarian rose harvest in 2025 began late due to frosts in April and May. Continuous rainfall during the harvest cycle also added to the delay. Favourable temperatures arrived only in June. This has reduced yields by 35–50% compared to 2024. Despite rising rose petal costs, many small farmers continue to abandon cultivation. Prices are expected to remain stable for the next few months.

Balsam Fir Oil Abies balsamea Harvest: April - November

Balsam fir is a native Canadian conifer found across the boreal and mixed wood forests of Quebec, Ontario, and the Atlantic provinces. It prefers cool, humid climates with cold winters and grows best in acidic, well-drained podzolic soils or organic soils rich in humus. The oil is obtained through steam distillation of needles and twigs and has a sweet, balsamic aroma with fresh pine undertones.

Stocks of balsam fir organic oil are low, and prices remain high.

Black Spruce Oil Picea mariana Harvest: May - August

Black spruce is one of the most common conifers of Canada’s boreal forests and grows best in acidic, nutrient poor
soils such as podzols and organic peat. It is widely distributed across the Boreal Shield ecozone, thriving in cool, humid climates with long, cold winters and short, moist summers. The species dominates wet lowlands, bogs, and upland forests in provinces like Quebec, Ontario, and Newfoundland. The essential oil is obtained by steam distillation of needles and young branches. It produces a fresh, resinous, and woody aroma with grounding and clarifying qualities.

Black spruce oil is popular in aromatherapy for stress relief and respiratory support. Oil stocks are running low leading to an increase in price.

Cedar Leaf Oil Thuja occidentalis Harvest: March - October

Cedar leaf oil in Canada is primarily distilled from Thuja occidentalis, also known as Eastern White Cedar or Arborvitae. This tree thrives in moist, well-drained soils ranging from rich peat in lowlands to calcareous uplands, with soil pH ideally between 5.5 and 7.2. The cool, humid climate of Canada, with its moderate rainfall and cold winters, supports healthy growth. The regions of Ontario and Quebec have widespread cedar forests. Steam distillation of fresh leaves and twigs yields an oil with a sharp, camphoraceous aroma, high in thujone. The oil has been traditionally used for its antiseptic and antimicrobial qualities and remains popular today in disinfectants, insect repellents, soaps, and natural cleaning products.

Cedar leaf oil is available in stock, and the price is expected to stay stable for the coming two years.

Amyris Oil Amyris balsamifera Harvest: All Year

Amyris balsamifera, often called West Indian sandalwood, is a small tree native to Haiti and the Caribbean. The tree adapts well to marginal land that is less suitable for traditional agriculture. Amyris trees require well-drained soil, abundant sunlight, and moderate rainfall. They thrive in areas with warm temperatures year-round. The essential oil is extracted from the wood, which must be aged and dried before steam distillation to release its characteristic soft, woody, and balsamic aroma. Amyris oil is often used as a sustainable, affordable alternative to true sandalwood in perfumery.

Due to the security concerns in the raw material growing areas, Amyris production is limited.

Clary Sage Oil Moldova Salvia sclarea L. Harvest: June - July

Clary sage is native to southern Europe, including the black sea region. In Eastern Europe it is primarily cultivated in Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria and Moldova. Clary sage grows well in temperate climates with fertile, well-drained soils that are rich in calcium. It thrives under sunny, moderately dry conditions and is cultivated in Moldova’s rolling farmlands, where consistent summers favour its aromatic flowering. Steam distillation of flowering tops yields clary sage oil, with its distinctive herbaceous, nutty, and slightly floral aroma. Moldovan clary sage is sought after across fragrance, wellness, and cosmetics sectors. Moldovan clary sage crop performed better than expected during the season.

Stock is available and market for the product is stable.

Coriander Herb Oil Corriandrum sativum L. Harvest: July - August

Coriander herb oil is obtained from the aerial parts of the green plant before seeds mature. It thrives in well-drained loamy or sandy soils under full sunlight in temperate climates. In Eastern Europe Moldova, Ukraine, and Romania offer the best conditions for the growth of coriander. Herb oil has a fresh, green, and spicy aroma with subtle citrus notes, differing from the warmer seed oil profile. Its lighter, fresher profile compared to seed oil broadens its applications across industries. Distillation of coriander herb oil has concluded in Moldova, and material has been delivered to processing facilities.

Coriander Seed Oil Corriandrum sativum L. Harvest: July - August

Coriander grows best in fertile, well-drained sandy loam soils with a neutral pH, thriving in sunny, temperate regions. Moldova, Ukraine, and Bulgaria are significant producers of coriander seed, where hot  dry summers and cool nights enhance the spice’s aroma. The oil is distilled from dried seeds and has a warm, spicy, woody scent with sweet, floral undertones. Coriander seed oil is valued in the flavouring industry for bakery goods, meats, and beverages. It is preferred in the perfumery industry, since it adds spicy, woody depth to blends. The coriander seed crop in Eastern Europe is still ongoing, with the lack of rain already showing a negative influence on yield. As a result, prices are unlikely to decrease this year. They may rise once the final harvest results are confirmed.

Dill Weed Oil Anethum graveolens L. Harvest: July - September

Dill grows best in well-drained, fertile, sandy or loamy soils with a neutral to slightly acidic pH. It thrives in warm, sunny conditions and is sensitive to prolonged drought. This poses a challenge during Eastern Europe’s hot, dry summer. Moldova and Ukraine are key cultivation regions for dill herb, where it is harvested for both seeds and leafy parts used in distillation.

Dill weed oil is obtained through steam distillation of the fresh herb and carries a sharp, herbaceous, slightly spicy aroma. It is valued in the flavour industry for seasoning pickles, soups, sauces, and condiments. The perfumery sector uses it for its green and spicy notes. Yields of dill weed oil were lower this season, but oil is available in stock. Oil price is expected to remain stable thanks to existing contracts and stock history.

Fennel Seed Oil Foeniculum vulgare Harvest: March - June, October - November

Fennel, scientifically known as Foeniculum vulgare, is native to the Mediterranean region and southwestern Asia. It is cultivated across Eastern Europe in sunny, well-drained soils, particularly sandy or loamy fields with a neutral to slightly alkaline pH. The plant prefers Mediterranean to temperate continental climates, with hot summers and mild autumns aiding seed development. Steam distillation of crushed fennel seeds produces an oil with a sweet, spicy, and anise-like aroma. P

roduct this season did not match the higher volumes of 2024 though fennel oil is available and supply is adequate. Oil price also remains stable.

Fir Needle Oil Abies sibirica Harvest: November - December

Fir needle oil is typically distilled from the needles and twigs of Abies sibirica, a conifer native to Eastern Europe and Siberia. These fir trees thrive in cold, continental climates with long winters and short, mild summers. They prefer podzolic or sandy loam soils that are well-drained and slightly acidic. Fir forests are common across Russia, Ukraine, and parts of the Carpathians.

Fir needle oil of Siberian origin is available in the market without any major fluctuations in price.

Juniper Berry Juniperus communis L. Harvest: September - October

Juniper grows widely across Eastern Europe in upland and mountainous regions. It thrives in sandy, rocky, or loamy soils that are well-drained. The plant prefers sunny, cool conditions, often found in Carpathian and Balkan highlands. Once berries mature, they are collected and steam distilled to produce juniper berry oil. The product has a fresh, woody, and slightly balsamic aroma.

The main harvest period for juniper berries has not yet commenced. Market conditions will become clearer later in the season.

Laurel Leaf Oil Laurus nobilis

Laurel thrives in sunny, well-drained soils with moderate rainfall, commonly cultivated in Mediterranean and southeastern European regions. The evergreen shrub prefers fertile loamy soils and mild winters, though it can adapt to varied conditions. Steam distillation of freshly harvested leaves yields laurel leaf oil with a spicy, camphoraceous aroma containing cineole, eugenol, and other compounds. There is a stable supply of laurel leaf oil with quantities available from multiple origins including Turkey and the Balkans.

Prices at origin have increased due to inflation, permission requirements, and regulatory factors.

Pine Oil Sylvestris Tyrol Oil Pinus mugo m

Derived from Scots pine, the oil is obtained through steam distillation of needles and young twigs. Scots pine is widespread across Eastern Europe, and dominates boreal and temperate forests in Russia, Poland, and the Baltic states. Pine oil has a fresh, resinous, woody aroma with bright, crisp top notes. Pine oil sylvestris is available in the market.

Oil price is stable.

Sage Oil Salvia sclarea Harvest: June - July

Sage grows well in Eastern Europe’s sunny, dry, and moderately warm climates. It prefers well-drained calcareous or sandy soils to flourish. Regions in Bulgaria, Romania, and Moldova cultivate sage extensively, with the herb’s resilience making it well suited to the long dry spells that have affected the area. Production of sage oil was completed in early August. Yield was satisfactory and product should be readily available.

Oil price is expected to remain stable.

Thuja Oil Thuja orientalis

Thuja occidentalis, also known as northern white cedar or arborvitae is native to eastern Canada and most of northcentral and north-eastern United States of America. It also thrives in Eastern European climates, where moist, well-drained loamy soils and cooler temperatures favour its growth. Thuja is often found in forest margins, mixed woodlands, and cultivated plantations. The thuja oil market is stable, and material is readily available.

Basil Oil Ocimum basilicum Harvest: March - October

Basil thrives in warm, tropical, and subtropical climates. It needs full sun and requires at least six to eight hours of direct sunlight daily for optimal growth and oil production. It flourishes in well-drained, loamy, and soil rich in organic matter with a slightly acidic to neutral pH ranging from 6 to 7.5. Steam or hydro-distillation of leaves yields basil linalool oil. The oil is highly valued for its versatile applications. Its primary component, linalool, gives it a sweet, floral, and herbaceous aroma, making it a popular ingredient in perfumery and aromatherapy. Production and oil prices are similar to last year.

Chamomile Blue Oil Matricaria chamomilla Harvest: March - May

Chamomile cultivation in Egypt is primarily concentrated in the Fayoum Governorate and the Nile Delta. Egyptian
blue chamomile typically prefers well-drained, fertile soil with fine texture and full sun exposure, thriving in warm temperate climates. The crop benefits from moderate water and grows well on sandy-loam soils, common in some reclaimed agricultural areas of Egypt. Steam distillation of the flowers yields a rich blue oil. Crop volumes and price have maintained the levels of last year.

Geranium Oil Pelargonium graveolens Harvest: June - July

Pelargonium graveolens, commonly cultivated for geranium oil, thrives in Egypt’s semi-arid to arid climate, with hot, dry summers and mild winters and minimal rainfall. Major production centres include Beni-Suef in Upper Egypt. Regions like El-Qantara Sharq and El-Sadat City have also been identified as superior locations for good yield and oil composition. The crop requires frost-free conditions, well-drained soil to avoid root rot, and benefits from sandy loam textured soils with adequate organic matter and good drainage. Speculators are buying crop and distilling oil. The crop capacity has reduced as well. This has led to an increase in oil price.

Jasmine Absolute Jasminum grandiflorum L. Harvest: June - November

The Gharbiya region located in the Nile Delta is the primary jasmine cultivating area in Egypt. Over 90% of Egypt’s
jasmine fields are concentrated in this region. The harvest season typically commences in June and continues until November. Jasmine absolute is obtained through solvent extraction of jasmine flowers using petroleum-based solvents. This makes the process sensitive to fuel price fluctuations. Egyptian jasmine grows favourably in warm, sunny, and semi-arid conditions, with well-drained loamy or sandy soils. It requires regular irrigation to ensure healthy blossom production. Jasmine absolute is notably rich, with a deep, floral, and exotic aroma.

The crop season has commenced, and fuel prices have gone up. This has resulted in an increase in the price of oil.

Neroli Oil Citrus aurantium var. amara Harvest: March - April

Neroli is extracted from the blossoms of bitter orange. Egypt’s Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild winters provides favourable conditions for its growth. The trees flourish in well-drained soils under full sun, supporting high aromatic oil yield. Harvesting of the oil is a labour-intensive process as it requires hand-picking of flowers in spring. This is immediately followed by steam or hydro-distillation to preserve the delicate aromatic profile. Neroli oil’s fragrance is valued in perfumery where its sweet, honeyed, slightly metallic floral scent blends excellently with citrus and floral absolutes. Certain farmers have moved away from Neroli and planted other crops.

Price of flowers has increased as well. Both factors have led to an increase in oil price.

Vetiver Oil Vetiveria zizanioides Harvest: February - May

Haiti is considered the world’s leading producer of high-quality vetiver oil. It is cultivated primarily in the Les Cayes region of southern Haiti, where the combination of climate, soil, and traditional cultivation methods yields an oil with superior fixative qualities compared to other origins. The plant thrives in well-drained sandy or loamy soils with high organic content and requires a warm tropical climate with moderate to high rainfall. The fibrous root system not only produces essential oil but also helps prevent soil erosion, making vetiver environmentally beneficial in Haiti’s mountainous terrain. The oil is obtained through steam distillation of roots that are harvested after 12–18 months of growth. Haitian vetiver is highly valued in luxury perfumery as a base note and fixative, lending depth and longevity to fragrances.

Market for vetiver oil is stable.

Basil Oil Holy Ocimum sanctum Harvest: November - February

Holy basil or Tulsi is revered in Indian tradition both spiritually and medicinally. It grows best in tropical and subtropical climates with high temperatures and thrives in fertile, well-drained soils under full sun. The crop is cultivated across Uttar  Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh. Cultivation of holy basil oil in India remains minimal, and no significant fresh supply has entered the market. Demand has picked up slightly after being subdued for months, absorbing the carry-forward stocks. With limited fresh supply and improved demand, prices are expected to remain firm for some time.

Cardamom Oil Elettaria cardamomum Harvest: September - December

Cardamom grows best in moist, subtropical climates with high humidity and evenly distributed rainfall. It requires rich, loamy soils with good drainage. It is primarily cultivated in Western Ghats of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. The oil is obtained by steam distillation from the seeds and pods. It has a warm, spicy, and sweet aroma. Cardamom oil is highly prized in the food and beverage industry for flavouring teas, baked goods, and confectionery.

Excessive rainfall in Kerala has delayed the start of harvest season with hilly fields being inaccessible to farmers. International demand has temporarily shifted to Indian cardamom following rain damage in Guatemala. There was a sharp decline in cardamom prices due to short-term holding by farmers. Though it rebounded quickly.

Price is expected to fall once the harvest season commences and farmers release stock.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus

Citronella is a tall tropical grass that thrives in humid, warm climates with regular rainfall. While adaptable to many soil types, it performs best in light, well-drained soils with good fertility. Major cultivation zones are found in Kerala, Karnataka, Assam, and West Bengal.

The oil, produced through steam distillation of the grass, contains citronellal and geraniol and has a lemony, grassy scent. Internationally, citronella oil is famous as a natural insect repellent, especially in sprays, candles, and coils. It is also used in perfumery, soaps, and household products. There is a high demand for the oil and supply is unable to match the incoming orders. Market is expected to stay volatile until production increases. Cultivation of citronella has decreased in India, largely due to government subsidies for alternative crops, which have encouraged farmers to diversify. Production is further affected by labour shortages. Fresh production is limited, and carryforward stocks have been absorbed by longstanding demand. This imbalance has kept prices elevated.

Cornmint Oil

Mentha Arvensis or cornmint thrives in hot, dry conditions with occasional rainfall. It is a resilient plant that can grow in a wide variety of soil types, but for optimal growth -and high oil yields, a rich, loamy soil is preferred. Intense heat is crucial during the distillation phase to maximise oil recovery.

Mentha arvensis is primarily used for its high menthol content. Its scent is more pungent and less sweet than peppermint, which is known for its strong, fresh aroma. Mentha arvensis is widely used in pharmaceuticals, oral care, confectionery, and cosmetics. Mentha arvensis is experiencing reduced cultivation this year, with sowing forecasts around 22,000 MT, approximately 20% lower than last year. Unusual weather patterns including early showers, have affected yield and increased distillation costs. At present oil price is stable and at favourable buying level.

Cumin Seed Oil Cuminum cyminum Harvest: May - June

Cumin is a flowering plant best suited to hot, dry climates with long summers. It thrives in sandy loam soils with good drainage and a neutral to slightly alkaline pH. India is the largest producer of cumin with largest cultivation areas in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Cumin oil is distilled from dried seeds and has a warm, earthy, spicy aroma with sharp undertones. It is widely used in the food industry, particularly in spice blends, sauces, and baked goods.

The cumin oil market in India is currently facing oversupply. Farmers are holding large carry-forward stocks in hopes of better prices. Domestic and global demand for Indian cumin is low. Cumin prices declined 25 percent due to the excess supply in the market.

Davana Oil Artemisia Pallens Harvest: February - April

Davana is a delicate annual herb that requires a cool, dry climate and well-drained, fertile soils to flourish. It is highly sensitive to climatic fluctuations, making it a challenging crop to cultivate. The plant is primarily grown in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

Distillation has concluded, though oil produced is marked by low davanone content. This has negatively impacted demand from quality conscious buyers. Untimely and excessive winter rain has heavily impacted davana oil production this season. The unfavourable weather caused widespread nursery failures and significantly reduced yields. Market interest has weakened as buyers hesitate to pay premium prices for substandard material. This has resulted in softening of prices despite the limited supply.

Frankincense Oil Boswellia serrata

Frankincense is derived from the resin of Boswellia species. The trees thrive in hot, arid climates with rocky, marginal soils. They are remarkably drought-tolerant and often found in the dry, hilly regions of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Political instability in Somalia has pushed buyers towards India and Oman. Fresh stock is only expected in September.

Frankincense oil production in India has been negatively affected by droughts. The yield is poor and low in thujene content, which is a key marker of quality. Carry-forward stocks have been exhausted and there is limited supply in the market. Farmers are prematurely harvesting the crop to meet the demand, resulting in inferior quality with low alpha-thujene levels.

Geranium Oil

Geranium flourishes in temperate to subtropical climates, preferring loamy, well-drained soils enriched with organic matter. It requires full sun and moderate rainfall for optimal growth. In India, geranium cultivation is concentrated in the hilly regions of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and the Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu. Oversupply in the market had pushed farmers towards alternate crops. Now the season has concluded, and yields have declined. There is strong demand for the oil. With no significant carryforward stock, supply is limited, and buyers are procuring available volumes at high rates. Market is only expected to stabilise once fresh crop becomes available in the coming two-three months. Till then prices are expected to remain elevated.

Lemongrass Oil Cymbopogon citratus Harvest: July - November

Lemongrass is a perennial grass that flourishes in warm, tropical climates with abundant sunlight and rainfall. It prefers fertile, well-drained sandy loam soils and is cultivated across Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, with smaller volumes in West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. International and domestic demand for lemongrass is firm. But carry-forward stock is limited, and supply has been impacted by several factors. Persistent rain in major growing areas has disrupted harvesting and distillation, while cultivation area of lemongrass has shrunk as well. Farmers,
discouraged by earlier low returns, have shifted to higher-paying crops such as maize. Any adjustment in prices is only expected after fresh supply in August. At present, there has been a sharp increase in oil price.

Mace Oil Myristica Fragrans

Mace is the lacy aril surrounding nutmeg seed. It is derived from the tropical evergreen plant Myristica fragrans.
Mace oil is distilled from dried mace and is prized for its more refined and delicate aroma compared to nutmeg. It offers spicy yet slightly floral notes. It is used in high-end perfumery for creating elegant, warm compositions. It is also used in flavouring fine foods, particularly sauces, confectionery, and beverages. Demand has been strong enough to absorb available volumes. Favourable rainfall has improved yield and carry-forward stock has been released as well.

Further stock entering the market could create an oversupply situation. Prices have eased marginally under current conditions of higher availability.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: June - August

Nutmeg trees are tropical evergreens that require hot, humid climates with abundant rainfall. They grow best in fertile, well drained sandy loam soils rich in organic matter. In India, nutmeg cultivation is concentrated in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and parts of Karnataka There is steady domestic demand for the oil, though it is insufficient to absorb the incoming volumes. This has resulted in a disparity between demand and supply. Harvest has commenced on time due to the arrival of rainfall and fresh material has arrived in the market. Though the yield is lower than average.

Price has decreased slightly to stabilise the market in the short term.

Palmarosa Oil Cymbopogon martini Harvest: January - June

Palmarosa is a resilient grass that grows well in hot, moist climates with abundant sunshine. It prefers sandy-loam soils with good drainage and organic content. In India, it is widely cultivated in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and parts of Andhra Pradesh. Palmarosa oil supply in India is under heavy pressure as cultivation has dropped considerably, with farmers shifting to more lucrative crops. Labor shortages have compounded the challenge, increasing processing time. Fresh production has not met expectations further putting a strain on available stock. There is a strong demand for the product and limited availability is expected to push prices further.

Peppermint Oil Mentha piperita Harvest: April - July

Peppermint or Mentha piperita thrives in hot, dry conditions with occasional rainfall. It requires intense heat
during distillation to maximise oil output. In India, peppermint cultivation is concentrated in Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab, and Bihar. The 2025 peppermint season in India began in mid-May and is now nearing completion, but yields are significantly below expectations. While sowing was similar to last year, approximately 400 MT, unusual weather patterns hampered oil recovery. Although high temperatures of 42-44°C were reached, persistent humidity and frequent rains reduced distillation efficiency. Oil recovery dropped to less than 50% and availability is extremely low. As a result, prices are expected to rise.

Spearmint Oil Mentha spicata Harvest: July - August

Spearmint or Mentha spicata thrives in hot, dry climates with occasional rainfall. Successful distillation also depends on high heat, which maximises oil recovery. India produces spearmint primarily in Uttar Pradesh and parts of Punjab.

The spearmint oil crop in India was initially promising, with sowing forecast around 150 MT, a 20 percent increase over last year. However, persistent humidity and moisture during the growing cycle have severely reduced oil recovery, leaving supplies well below expectation. As a result, availability is very limited, and prices are expected to rise steadily.

Vetiver Oil Vetiveria zizanoides Harvest: All Year

Vetiver is a perennial grass that thrives in tropical and subtropical climates with abundant sunshine. It adapts to
diverse soils but performs best in fertile, sandy-loam or alluvial soils with good drainage. India remains one of the largest producers of vetiver with major cultivation in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan.

The vetiver season in India has ended with yields beginning to decline. The onset of the northeast monsoon is expected to further reduce quality raw material and constrain production. At present, carry-forward stocks have absorbed demand and kept prices low and stable. But once stock is consumed and low-yield material floods the market, oil price is expected to witness an upward trend.

Cinnamon Leaf Oil Cinnamonum verum

The market is under clear pressure. Yields are down, availability is tight, and prices are on the rise.. With little sign of relief in the near term, the outlook remains challenging as buyers face continued upward pressure.

Clove Oil Eugenia caryophyllata Harvest: May - September

Clove oil production in Indonesia continues to feel the impact of the extended rainy season, keeping yields under pressure. Bud, leaf, and stem oils remain highly weather-sensitive, and the expected easing in prices has not materialized.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: All Year

The market for Indonesian nutmeg oil remains significant, as the country is one of the world’s largest producers of nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg trees are cultivated extensively in the Maluku Islands and parts of North Sulawesi. These evergreen trees thrive in volcanic, fertile, and well-drained loamy soils, rich in organic matter, with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. Nutmeg oil is extracted via steam distillation of dried nutmeg seeds, yielding a warm, spicy, and woody aroma.

The oil is widely used in the flavouring industry. In perfumery, nutmeg oil imparts warm spicy notes, while in aromatherapy it is valued for its stimulating and analgesic properties. Nutmeg trees produce their first fruit after 5 years. After that, a harvest for nutmeg oil occurs every 6 months and harvest for spice occurs every 9 months. If the economics of producing nutmeg oil are not favourable, farmers will choose to sell nutmeg as a spice instead. Nutmeg oil prices are stable now.

Patchouli Oil Pogostemon cablin Harvest: All Year

Indonesia is the world’s leading supplier of patchouli oil, with
production centered in Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Java. Patchouli
thrives in well-drained, fertile loamy soils with good organic
content, and prefers shaded or partially shaded environments.
It grows best in tropical climates with high humidity, abundant
rainfall, and temperatures consistently between 22°C and 28°C.
Patchouli leaves are harvested several times a year. They are dried
before steam distillation to release the oil. Indonesian patchouli oil
is renowned for its rich, earthy, and woody aroma. It is long-lasting
and acts as an excellent fixative in perfumery.
Prices for Patchouli oil have stabilized after being very high.
High prices in the past have made it a very profitable crop and
encouraged many farmers to start growing it.

Blue Tansy Oil Tanacetum annuum Harvest: August - October

Blue tansy oil remains one of Morocco’s most distinctive exports, valued for both its unique chemistry and striking deep blue colour. The plant thrives in sandy, well-drained soils under a Mediterranean climate of hot summers and mild winters.

Limited material is available in the market procured from last season’s carry-over stock.

Cedarwood Oil Atlas Cedrus atlantica Harvest: All Year

Cedarwood Atlas oil is a hallmark of Moroccan forestry, and a prime example of the country’s rich biodiversity. It is extracted from the wood of Cedrus atlantica, an evergreen tree native to Morocco’s Atlas Mountains. These cedars thrive in mountainous regions with well drained sandy or rocky soils and a temperate to semi-arid climate, with cool winters and warm, dry summers.

The wood is steam distilled to produce an oil with a warm, woody, balsamic aroma. The oil is said to have a grounding effect and is slightly sweet. Atlas cedarwood oil is widely used in perfumery for its fixative properties and deep woody base notes. In aromatherapy, it is valued for calming and grounding effects, making it a popular choice in meditation blends. The oil is also used in natural insect  repellents ,cosmetics, and haircare products. It is particularly popular for its scalp-balancing qualities. Raw material price is stable.

Neroli Oil Citrus aurantium Harvest: April - May

Neroli is one of Morocco’s most prestigious oils due to its rising demand in natural perfumery and personal care. It is obtained from the blossoms of bitter orange. Flowers are hand-picked typically in April and carefully distilled to preserve their delicate aroma. Moroccan neroli oil is renowned for its sweet, floral, honeyed scent with subtle green notes. It is a highly sought after product in the luxury perfume segment.

Neroli thrives in Morocco’s Mediterranean climate, where fertile, well-drained soils and abundant sunshine support vigorous growth. Unfavourable weather conditions during the crop cycle have resulted in low yield. The 2025 crop is lower compared to expectations.

Rosemary Oil Rosmarinus officinalis Harvest: All Year

Rosemary thrives in Morocco’s semi-arid and Mediterranean climates, where hot, dry summers and mild winters provide ideal growing conditions. The plant favours well-drained calcareous or sandy soils and flourishes in the Rif and Atlas Mountain regions, where traditional wild harvesting is common. There is high demand for rosemary oil in the market. No carry-over stock from 2024 is available and the 2025 crop fell far short of expectations. Supply is limited in the market and price for the product is firm.

Cabreuva Oil Myrocarpus frondosus Harvest: All Year

America, particularly Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina. In Paraguay, it grows in subtropical forests with warm, humid climates and thrives in fertile, well-drained soils rich in organic matter. The tree prefers areas with moderate rainfall and abundant sunshine. These conditions are commonly found in Paraguay’s eastern and southern regions.

The wood is steam distilled to yield an oil with a sweet, woody, and slightly floral aroma, often compared to violets. It is widely used in perfumery, where it enhances floral notes and stabilises fragrance compositions. Heavy rain in May and June made it difficult to procure raw material. Situation has improved now, and production is underway with decent stock available in the market.

Eucalyptus Oil Radiata Eucalyptus Radiata Harvest: August - October

Eucalyptus radiata grows best in subtropical to temperate climates with fertile, well-drained soils and regular rainfall. This makes South Africa’s cooler upland regions ideal for the plant. Good quantities of organic and conventional varieties of eucalyptus radiata are available in the market with a sustainable supply forecast for the future. New plantations have recently come into production, significantly expanding South Africa’s capacity for both varieties. There has been a healthy demand for eucalyptus radiata, and last season’s produce has been sold at fair prices.

Eucalyptus Smithii Oil Eucalyptus smithii Harvest: July - October

Eucalyptus smithii thrives in South Africa’s temperate regions, particularly in areas with deep, well drained soils and cool, moist climates. The oil, obtained through steam distillation of fresh leaves, has a mild, fresh, cineole-rich aroma that is softer than globulus or radiata. Aided by increased investment and production, the product has become more competitive on the global stage. There has been a consistent demand for eucalyptus smithii, though it has not increased dramatically. Certain buyers were diverted towards the Ex Camphor 80% variety, which entered the market at lower prices. However, massive fluctuations in quality have led many users to return to eucalyptus smithii.

Tea Tree Oil Melaleuca alternifolia Harvest: October - January

Tea tree grows best in sandy, well-drained soils under warm, humid climates. The oil is steam distilled from leaves and is renowned for its fresh, medicinal aroma. Globally, tea tree oil is valued for its antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties.

Tea tree oil stocks in South Africa are expected to tighten as global demand rises and bulk producers clear backlogs that were driven by recent EU regulations and procurement adjustments. Tea tree oil price remains stable with positive and negative developments offsetting each other.

Basil Oil Ocimum basilicum L. Harvest: November - February

In Vietnam basil is cultivated both in the northern and southern regions including areas around Hanoi and the Mekong Delta. Recently, there have been significant concerns raised over Diethyl phthalate (DEHP) contamination in Vietnamese basil oil. The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed from the European Commission issued a warning about this in February 2024. This resulted in a major decline in interest in the product from farmers and exporters. Vietnamese basil oil obtained from the species Ocimum basilicum L., is known for its high Methyl Chavicol content, which exceeds 85 percent. This unique chemical profile gives it a sweet, anise-like aroma, making it valuable for the fragrance and flavour industries.