Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: May - July

Lemons in Argentina are primarily grown in the northwest provinces of Tucumán, Salta, and Jujuy, with some minor production in the northeastern region. The main lemon varieties cultivated include Eureka Frost, Lisboa Frost and Limoneira 8A. Over the past decade, the sector has received significant investments in new production techniques and technology, with 70-75% of total production dedicated to exports of processed lemon products, such as essential oil, frozen pulp, and dehydrated peel. Argentina has long been a dominant force in the global lemon essential oil market, but 2025 presents notable challenges. The country’s fresh lemon production is projected to decline by 20%, reaching approximately 1.38 million metric tons. This decrease is primarily due to excessive rainfall during the blooming period, which has impacted fruit quality and yield. Additionally, some farmers are shifting to more profitable crops, further reducing the area dedicated to lemon cultivation. Due to this lemon oil prices are expected to rise.

Orange Oil CP Citrus sinensis Harvest: July - December

According to the Fundecitrus report of February 2025, Brazil’s orange production for the 2024–2025 season is forecast to be 228 million boxes. This is a 2.4 percent increase from the December forecast of 223 million boxes. This anticipated recovery is attributed to improved weather conditions and enhanced agricultural practices, which have positively influenced fruit yield. However, despite the increase in overall orange production, the orange oil industry continues to face challenges that could impact its long-term stability.

One of the most significant threats remains Citrus Greening Disease (HLB), which continues to spread across major citrus-producing regions. This disease reduces fruit quality and yield, directly affecting the extraction process and supply of orange oil. Additionally, climate variability has further complicated production, with unpredictable weather patterns— including droughts and extreme heat—posing risks to fruit-bearing trees and oil content in citrus peels. Prolonged dry spells have been particularly concerning, leading to inconsistent oil extraction rates and fluctuations in supply.

Despite these challenges, market trends indicate continued demand for Brazilian orange oil, given its extensive use in the fragrance and flavor industries. However, supply constraints remain an issue. Global orange oil exports have faced disruptions, with Brazil experiencing a notable decline in availability due to climatic and disease-related impacts. Although production is expected to recover, international supply chains remain volatile, affecting export volumes and overall market stability. While production forecasts are optimistic, the industry must focus on disease management, sustainable agricultural practices, and enhanced processing efficiencies to ensure long-term stability and meet growing global demand.

Lavender Oil Lavandula angustifolia Harvest: July

Lavandula angustifolia prospers in Bulgaria’s climate. Apart from the rose valley, lavender is also cultivated in northern Bulgaria. High quality oil is extracted from the flower spikes by steam distillation. Lavender oil produced in Bulgaria is high in linalyl acetate content, which is a quality indicator.

Due to its refined fragrance, Bulgarian lavender oil is a prized product in perfumery. Its soothing properties also make it popular in aromatherapy. It is also used in cosmetics due to its skin-calming effects. There is a 30-40% drop in production volumes from 2023. The combination of high production costs and low market price has prompted many distillers to close. This has encouraged farmers in northern Bulgaria to shift from lavender cultivation.

Prices are expected to rise due to a shortage of ISO-spec lavender oil in the market.

Melissa Oil Melissa officinalis Harvest: July

Melissa oil is extracted from Melissa officinalis plant, also known as lemon balm. Bulgaria is a notable producer of the oil. It is cultivated across the country with special emphasis on organic farming practices to ensure high quality. The plant has a low yield, making the oil an expensive commodity.

The oil is extracted via steam distillation and has a delicate, lemony aroma. Melissa oil has calming and uplifting properties which make it a highly valued commodity in aromatherapy. It also possesses therapeutic benefits and is used in making high-end cosmetics. Perfumery industry also consumes melissa oil due to its complex citrusy fragrance.

Last summer the plantation experienced extreme heat and drought like conditions. This has resulted in stunted growth and could impact price in the coming months. Farmers are finding it hard to sustain melissa fields as production costs are barely being covered. This has led to a
reduction in fields with farmers moving towards profitable alternatives.

Rose Oil Rosa damascena Harvest: May - June

The Rose Valley in Bulgaria, nestled between the Balkan and Sredna Gora mountains, is the heart of rose oil production. The unique climate and soil conditions here are ideal for the thriving of Rosa Damascena. Oil is primarily distilled via steam distillation.

The Bulgarian variety has exceptional quality and is sought after globally. It is popular in high-end perfumery, where it acts as a prized fragrance fixative. Its therapeutic and aromatic properties also make it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetics. The demand for rose water, rose absolute and rose concrete is rising.

Clary Sage Oil Moldova Salvia sclarea L. Harvest: June - July

Clary sage is a biennial herbaceous plant. It produces tall, upright flowering stems. The flowers themselves are small and can be white, lavender, or light blue. The plant flourishes in the southern and central regions of Moldova, where warm, dry summers and well-drained, calcareous soils provide optimal growing conditions. Ample sunlight is crucial for the plant’s development and oil production.

Clary sage oil is extracted through steam distillation of flowering tops and leaves. It yields a pale yellow to amber liquid with a sweet, herbaceous, and slightly nutty aroma. Rich in linalool and linalyl acetate, it is highly valued in aromatherapy for its calming and uplifting properties. It was a good crop season. Product is available in the market.

Coriander Herb Oil Corriandrum sativum L. Harvest: July - August

Coriander is a versatile perennial herb widely used in culinary applications. Coriander herb oil offers a fresh, green, and slightly citrusy aroma, distinct from the seed oil. The oil is extracted via steam distillation of the fresh aerial parts, mainly the leaves. Herb oil is valued for its refreshing and uplifting properties and is used in flavouring, perfumes, and aromatherapy.

It differs from seed oil in aroma and composition. Herb oil is lighter, with a leafy, fresh scent due to the higher content of aldehydes. Seed oil on the other hand is warmer and spicier, due to its linalool content. Seed oil is primarily known more for its digestive properties, while herb oil is used more for its fresh aroma. Product is almost sold out with limited quantities on offer.

Coriander Seed Oil Corriandrum sativum L. Harvest: July - August

Russia, India, and Morocco are major producers of coriander. It requires warm, sunny climates and well-drained, fertile soils to prevail. Coriander thrives in temperatures between 15-30°C and requires ample sunlight.

Coriander seed oil is extracted from the dried seeds of coriandrum sativum. It has a warm, spicy, and slightly sweet aroma. Coriander seed oil finds diverse applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. It is a popular flavouring agent in cuisines worldwide, particularly in curries and spice blends.The yield this year is low. In growing areas there was inadequate rain and high temperature. Several plants died on the field before harvest. Sourcing from areas of Moldova, Kazakhstan and Ukraine has increased. Stock is available, but sustained quantities will only be available after fresh crop arrives.

Dill Weed Oil Anethum graveolens L. Harvest: July - September

Dill weed is an annual herb belonging to the parsley family. It can grow up to a height of 18 inches to 4 feet. Dill weed is majorly cultivated in India, Egypt, and parts of Europe. It thrives in warm, sunny climates with well-drained, fertile soil. Dill requires temperatures between 15-25°C and ample sunlight to prosper.

Dill weed oil boasts of a fresh, herbaceous aroma. It is extracted through steam distillation of dill weed. Dill plants are known for their feathery leaves and yellow flowers. The oil finds diverse applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. It is a popular flavouring agent in pickles, sauces, and savoury dishes. Plantations in Moldova had a good crop covering demand for the product.

Fennel Seed Oil Foeniculum vulgare Harvest: March - June, October - November

Fennel plant is a tall, upright herb with a bulbous base and feathery foliage. It is a perennial herb with feathery leaves and yellow flowers. It thrives in warm, sunny climates and well-drained, fertile soils, particularly in the Mediterranean region, India, and other temperate zones.

The oil is extracted through steam distillation of the crushed fennel seeds. It yields a pale yellow to colourless liquid with a sweet, anise-like aroma. The oil produced is rich in anethole and other compounds. Fennel oil is valued for its digestive, carminative, and expectorant properties. It is used in traditional medicine for digestive issues, respiratory ailments, and to stimulate milk production in lactating women. In aromatherapy, it is used to relieve bloating and promote relaxation. It also finds applications in the food and beverage industry. Fennel gives a unique flavour to culinary creations and liqueurs. Stocks are ready for shipment. Production was higher than expected.

Fir Needle Oil Siberian Abies sibirica

Fir needle is primarily cultivated in Siberia, Canada, and parts of Europe. It thrives in cool coniferous forests. Fir trees prefer cool, humid climates and well-drained, slightly acidic soil. Oil is primarily extracted through steam distillation of fir needles and sometimes young twigs. Fir needle oil is prized for its fresh, woody aroma. It is widely used in aromatherapy for its refreshing and invigorating properties. It is often employed to ease respiratory congestion and promote relaxation. Demand for the product is high. Raw material and production costs have increased. Production season has concluded, and volume produced is significantly lower than last year. There is a constant increase in price.

Lavender Oil Moldova Lavandula angustifolia Harvest: September

Moldova has emerged as a significant producer of lavender oil, benefiting from its favourable climate and soil conditions. Lavender thrives in the southern and central regions of Moldova, particularly in areas with warm, dry summers and mild winters. Well-drained soil, combined with ample sunlight, is ideal for lavender cultivation. The oil is extracted through steam distillation of lavender flowers. It yields a pale-yellow liquid with a characteristic floral, sweet, and slightly herbaceous aroma. Moldovan lavender oil is prized for its high linalool and linalyl acetate content. It is a prized ingredient in aromatherapy and perfumery. The oil is known to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve sleep. Due to its calming and antiseptic properties, it also finds applications in skincare products, cosmetics, and soaps.

Stock is available and demand for this variety is increasing.

Sage Oil Salvia sclarea Harvest: June - July

Salvia officinalis is a perennial shrub with greyish-green, aromatic leaves. It has woody stems, and the leaves have a distinctive velvety texture due to fine hairs. It produces flowers, often in shades of blue or purple, though they can also be pink or white. Sage thrives in sunny, dry climates and well-drained, slightly alkaline soils, particularly in the Mediterranean region. It is also cultivated in various parts of Europe and North America. The oil is extracted through steam distillation of the leaves, yielding a pale yellow to greenish liquid with a strong, herbaceous, and camphoraceous aroma. The product is of good quality and supply is available in the market.

Basil Oil Linalool Ocimum basilicum L Harvest: June - September

Linalool is known for its high linalool content. Egypt cultivates Basil Linalool primarily in the Nile Delta due to favourable soil and climate conditions. Basil is a heatloving plant, requiring warm temperatures to flourish. Oil is extracted from the flowering tops and leaves via steam distillation. It appears in some cosmetic products, due to its aromatic and potential skin benefits. The food industry also uses it as a flavouring agent.Next season of production commences in August.

There is sufficient supply to meet market demand. No fluctuation in price is expected till the next cycle.

Chamomile Blue Oil Matricaria chamomilla Harvest: March - May

Blue chamomile prefers full sun, though in extreme hot climates, partial afternoon shade is required to prevent scorching. It flourishes in moderate temperatures, between 15°C to 20°C. While adaptable, it prefers moderate humidity. Sandy loam or loamy soils are ideal for its growth. Blue chamomile is cultivated in the Nile Delta in Egypt.

Blue chamomile oil gets its deep blue colour due to the chamazulene content. It has potent antiinflammatory properties, making it a sought-after ingredient in several formulations. Blue chamomile is highly valued in skincare for its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties The harvest season is in progress and production is on expected level.

The price is still at an elevated level and is expected to reduce. Though, unlike last year, price has remained stable. Crop stability can be attained if these price levels hold.

Geranium Oil Pelargonium graveolens Harvest: June - July

Geranium oil is a versatile product with demands arising from various industries. Egypt is a significant producer of geranium oil. Cultivations are majorly concentrated in the Nile Delta, where favourable climate supports optimal growth. The oil is characterised by a floral, rosy scent and is attained via steam distillation. Due to its roselike qualities, it is widely used in perfumery. It also features prominently in cosmetics and skincare for its balancing and rejuvenating properties. There is sufficient oil in stock to meet global demand until the next season. Around July, stock is expected to get depleted leading to a price rise. Long term price trend will depend on the yield during the season. There could also be a potential increase in price once the season begins.

Neroli Oil Citrus aurantium var. amara Harvest: March - April

Neroli oil is obtained from the blossoms of the bitter orange tree. It is extracted via steam distillation. The fertile soil of the Nile Delta region makes it the perfect cultivating ground for Neroli in Egypt. It flourishes in regions with warm, sunny conditions. The bitter orange tree needs to be protected from frost, as it can severely damage the blossoms. Ample sunlight is essential for healthy growth and abundant flowering. While not as large a producer as Morocco or Tunisia, Egypt’s neroli oil is recognised for its quality. Neroli oil is highly valued in perfumery, offering a sophisticated, floral scent. It is incorporated into skincare products for its rejuvenating and calming properties.

Low priced neroli oil stocks are getting exhausting. The upcoming production cycle is expected to maintain this price level. Rising production costs will eventually impact oil price. Though this is unlikely in 2025 and is expected to take a couple of years.

Basil Oil Holy Ocimum sanctum Harvest: November - February

Holy basil, or tulsi is considered a sacred herb in India and thrives throughout the country. It is an adaptable plant and grows in various climates, but flourishes in warm, tropical regions with ample sunlight and well-drained, fertile soil. It is commonly cultivated in home gardens and on a larger scale in states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.

The oil is extracted through steam distillation of the plant’s leaves and flowering tops. It yields a potent liquid rich in eugenol, camphor, and other beneficial compounds. Buyers are showing limited interest in the product and demand is declining steadily. This trend is expected to persist. Reduction in demand has created a supply surplus in the market and farmers are selling older volumes at discounted price. Cultivation for holy basil has almost ceased and with demand not recovering, sellers continue to find it challenging to secure competitive market rates.

Black Pepper Oil Piper nigrum L.

Black pepper oil is a potent and versatile essential oil widely utilised in India. This climbing vine thrives in the warm, humid climate of India’s southern regions, particularly Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. It prefers rich, well-drained soil and requires ample rainfall. There are supply disruptions globally, but stock from India can help balance the market situation. There was limited production in Sri Lanka during the Kandy season. Raw material prices for oil and oleoresin production increased because of bold harvest instead of light berries. Indonesia also saw a 2.5% decrease in production as farmers move towards cash crops that fetch higher returns.

Black pepper production in Vietnam declined by almost 7.7% and exports reduced by 1.9%. Carry-forward stock in the region is also limited. There was a decrease in demand from China and supply took a hit due to a decrease in cultivation areas. This resulted in stable pricing for the product.

Cardamom Oil Elettaria cardamomum Harvest: September - December

Cardamom is known as the queen of spices in India. It thrives in the warm, humid climate of Western Ghats, particularly in Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Oil is extracted through steam distillation of cardamom seeds, yielding a pale-yellow liquid with a warm, sweet, and spicy aroma. It is used in aromatherapy to relieve stress and promote mental clarity. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is used to treat digestive issues and respiratory ailments.

There is limited carry-forward stock and production levels have declined drastically. This has resulted in supply constraints in domestic and international markets. Plantations have been damaged significantly due to excessive rainfall and harsh summer. Large scale replantation has been undertaken. Since there has been no time for soil recovery and maturity, lower and delayed yields are expected. decline in production and rising domestic demand will put pressure on exports. The gap left by Indian exports creates opportunities for countries like Guatemala in the international market.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus

Citronella grass is native to tropical Asia. It is fragrant and thrives in warm, tropical regions, including parts of the Nilgiris and other southern Indian areas. The grass can grow several feet in height. It prefers full sun to partial shade and moist, well-drained soil to grow. Citronella oil is extracted through steam distillation and is renowned for its distinct lemony scent. It is primarily valued as a natural insect repellent, particularly against mosquitoes. It is also incorporated in aromatherapy, and used as a component in soaps, candles, and other household products.

There is consistent demand for citronella oil from domestic and international market. High production and labour costs are making citronella production an expensive proposition. Cultivation areas have reduced and there is limited carry forward stock. While the supply is limited, buyers are actively trying to purchase product. This is driving citronella prices upward.

Clove Bud Oil Eugenia caryophyllata Harvest: January - February

Clove is predominantly cultivated in the southern regions in India, especially in the Nilgiris, Kerala, and parts of Tamil Nadu. Clove trees thrive in warm, humid tropical climates with well-drained, fertile soils. They require ample rainfall and some shade. The oil is extracted through steam distillation of the dried flower buds, yielding a dark brown to reddish-brown liquid with a strong, spicy, and warm aroma.

There are significant stocks and a soft demand for the product With the harvest season commencing, supply is expected to increase. There is decent carry-over stock from last season to meet any demand. There is a strong demand for the Zanzibar variety, and it is priced higher. Madagascar and Sri Lanka varieties are cheaper but remain competitive in the market. Price is holding steady, and no change is expected in the short term.

Cornmint Oil

The cornmint oil market remains stable, with favorable cropping conditions and positive yield forecasts reported for 2025. No significant disruptions are anticipated, and steady supply is expected to support balanced pricing, assuming stable weather patterns continue.

Davana Oil Artemisia Pallens Harvest: February - April

Davana oil is obtained from the aromatic herb Artemisia pallens. It is cultivated in the southern states, particularly Karnataka and some parts of Andhra Pradesh. It thrives in warm, dry climates with well-drained, sandy loam soils. The plant is sensitive to excessive moisture.

Oil is extracted through steam distillation of the flowering tops of davana plant. Its aroma is complex, sweet, and fruity, with subtle balsamic undertones. It is known to change on individual skin, making it highly valued in high-end perfumery. There is consistent demand, but limited supply of davana oil. Heavy rainfall and failed nurseries have delayed sowing in all major growing areas. This will adversely affect production timelines. Delayed sowing will also impact yield, which will further put a strain on supply. Carry-over stock from last season is also critically low. Due to the supply challenges prices will either firm or increase.

Frankincense Oil Boswellia serrata

Frankincense oil is extracted through steam distillation of the resin obtained from the tree’s bark. This yields a pale-yellow liquid with a warm, spicy, and balsamic aroma. Frankincense oil is valued for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and spiritual properties. It is used in aromatherapy to promote relaxation and reduce stress. Indian frankincense oil has emerged as a reliable option in the global market. There is increased demand for the Indian product as political instability in major African producing areas has disrupted global supply chains. There is a consistent high demand for the product and supply is unable to meet this demand. This has resulted in a steady increase in price. Higher quality material is attracting a premium in the market due to the declining yield.

Geranium Oil

Geranium oil has a sweet, floral aroma with a hint of rose. It is extracted from the leaves and stems of Pelargonium graveolens. In India, geranium is cultivated in regions with cooler climates, such as the hills of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and parts of the Nilgiris. These areas offer the required moderate temperatures and well drained, fertile soils.

Geranium oil is pale yellow to greenish in colour and is rich in citronellol and geraniol. It is widely used in perfumery and cosmetics. There is an imbalance in demand and supply in the market. While the demand is steady, low carry-over stocks and limited supply is affecting price. Untimely rain has impacted yield. Oversupply in the past few seasons resulted in a drop in price, and several distillation units shut down. This has affected production levels this season and supply is limited. There is a constant increase in price, but the market is expected to stabilise.

Ginger Oil Zingiber officinale Harvest: January - April

Ginger oil is derived from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale and is widely produced in India. This versatile plant thrives in warm, humid climates, particularly in Kerala, Meghalaya, and other northeastern states. It favours rich, well-drained loamy soil and requires ample rainfall. Ginger oil is extracted through steam distillation and is pale yellow to amber in colour. It is valued for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and digestive properties. Quality and quantity of ginger oil produced is low because of the heavy rains. As the temperature increases moisture content will decrease.

Increase in area of cultivation helped offset the high price observed in early 2024. Upcoming harvest is expected to be 40% higher than last year. Price will ease once the season begins, and fresh stock enters the market.

Lemongrass Oil Cymbopogon citratus Harvest: July - November

Lemongrass thrives in India’s warm, humid climates, particularly in Kerala, Karnataka, and Assam. It is a tall, perennial grass that boasts of fragrant, lemon-scented leaves. Lemongrass oil is obtained via steam distillation. It is rich in citral and known for its antiseptic and antifungal properties. The oil is used in traditional medicine, aromatherapy, and as a natural insect repellent.

There is a strong demand for the oil in the local and international market. A declining trend was noticed in oil price, but due to the demand-supply disparity, they have increased. Prices are expected to stay elevated till supply is restored to meet the demand.

Mace Oil Myristica Fragrans

Mace oil is extracted from the dried, lacy aril surrounding nutmeg seed. It yields a pale yellow to orange liquid with a warm, spicy, and slightly sweeter aroma than nutmeg oil. Rich in compounds like myristicin and elemicin, mace oil is used in aromatherapy for its stimulating and digestive properties. It is the off season for mace and supply is limited. But carry-over stock is sufficient to meet demand. Production is expected to increase once the season for mace begins. Yield is low during the off-season, which puts pressure on the supply. The current supply situation and steady demand for mace oil has led to a spike in oil price. Until fresh stock becomes available, price is expected to stay elevated.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: June - August

Nutmeg is primarily cultivated in the southern states of India, particularly Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. This tropical evergreen tree thrives in warm, humid climates with well-drained, fertile soils. It requires consistent rainfall and shade during its early growth stages. Nutmeg oil is extracted through steam distillation and is rich in compounds like myristicin and pinene. Major nutmeg growing areas are experiencing supply issues. There is lower than expected crop arrival in Indonesia. There are also quality concerns about the product and prices are witnessing an upward trend. In Sri Lanka demand has been on the rise since November. Carry-over stock is of low quality and fresh stock is limited.

Thus, price has increased in the region. Harvesting season has ended in India and due to high moisture content low quality material has been produced. Demand for the product remains high and with the supply challenges being faced, price is expected to remain elevated in the coming months.

Palmarosa Oil Cymbopogon martini Harvest: January - June

The aromatic palmarosa grass thrives in warm, tropical climates, with notable cultivation in regions of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. It prefers well-drained, sandy loam soil and requires ample sunlight and moderate rainfall. The oil is extracted through steam distillation of dried grass. It yields a pale-yellow liquid with a sweet, floral, and slightly rosy scent. Rich in geraniol, palmarosa oil has diverse applications.

There has been a decline in supply of palmarosa oil and production is facing severe challenges. Unfavourable weather conditions such as cyclone Fengal have impacted production. Fixed costs for palmarosa are high. Labour shortage has become a major concern for the product. Workers have migrated to crops offering higher returns and favourable government subsidies. All these factors have resulted in a sharp rise in oil price.

Peppermint Oil Mentha piperita Harvest: April - July

Following a 25% crop reduction in 2024, the new season is projected to start with a supply shortfall, especially from June 2025 onward. Although Uttar Pradesh maintained a steady output last year, the limited carryover stock and current indicators suggest tightening supply conditions. There is sustained demand from the pharmaceutical and flavor industries, which may lead to continued upward pressure on prices.

Vetivert Oil Vetiveria zizanoides Harvest: All Year

Vetiver oil, known as khus in India, is prized for its earthy, grounding aroma. Vetiver grass, flourishes in India’s tropical climate, particularly the regions of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh. It favours deep, sandy loam soil and requires ample moisture.

Vetiver oil is extracted through steam distillation of the plant’s intricate root system. The resulting oil produced is thick and amber coloured. Vetiver oil is widely used in perfumery, creating base notes in fragrances. Its calming properties are also valued in aromatherapy.

Haiti is a major producer of vetiver and political instability has impacted exports from the region. This has put pressure on Indian vetiver supply. Demand is higher than supply. While there are decent carry-over stocks from last season, they aren’t enough to meet the growing demand. With the new season approaching fresh stock will enter the market and potentially balance the demand-supply dynamics. At present oil prices are rising and future trends depend on production levels in various growing regions.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon winterianus Harvest: October - February

Citronella thrives in Indonesia’s tropical climate, favouring warm, humid conditions and plenty of sunlight. It prefers well-drained, fertile soils, though it can tolerate a range of soil types. High humidity and consistent warm temperatures are essential for its growth. While the plant is relatively drought tolerant it prefers abundant rainfall. Aceh is a significant producer of citronella in Indonesia. Historically, Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi have been important regions for citronella cultivation.

Steam distillation of citronella grass leaves is the standard method for extracting the essential oil. Citronella oil is widely known for its insect-repellent properties, particularly against mosquitoes. It is used in candles, lotions, and sprays for this purpose. Due to its citrusy aroma, it is also used in the formulation of perfumes and soaps.

Citronella oil is also used in aromatherapy for its uplifting and stress-relieving effects. Production cost for citronella has increased. This could impact sourcing capabilities. Last year oil production was between 1000-1200 tons.

Clove Oil Eugenia caryophyllata Harvest: May - September

Indonesia is a major producer of clove oil. Its rich volcanic soil and tropical climate contribute to the high quality and quantity of oil production. Clove trees thrive in Indonesia’s tropical climate, requiring warm, humid conditions and well-distributed rainfall. They prefer fertile, well-drained soils. Clove production in Indonesia is widespread, but it primarily grows in Maluku Islands, Sulawesi, Java and Sumatra. While Maluku Islands is the key production area of cloves in Indonesia, Sulawesi has seen an increase in production in recent years.

Clove oil is derived from dried flower buds, leaves and stems of Syzygium aromaticum tree. Clove oil is widely used in the flavour industry, particularly in food and beverages. It is also used in dentistry for its antiseptic and analgesic properties. Clove oil is also incorporated in pharmaceutical products and is popular in the fragrance industry. The harvest has been plentiful in 2025. This could lead to a potential drop in prices. In 2024 the production volumes were between 4000-4500 tons..

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: All Year

Myristica fragrans, commonly known as nutmeg thrives in tropical climates with high humidity and consistent rainfall. It prefers well-drained and fertile soil. Partial shade is beneficial for the growth of the tree, especially when it is young. Consistent rainfall throughout the year is ideal for its growth.

Nutmeg oil is obtained through steam distillation of the dried nutmeg kernels. Nutmeg is widely used as a spice in culinary applications, while the oil is used by the flavour and fragrance industries. It is also used in pharmaceutical and aromatherapy applications. Nutmeg is also a popular ingredient in traditional medicines.

The nutmeg industry faces challenges, including concerns about quality due to unseasonal weather patterns affecting nutmeg cultivation.Despite these challenges, Indonesia’s commitment to maintaining high-quality standards and meeting international certifications ensures its continued dominance in the global nutmeg oil market. The versatility and widespread application of nutmeg oil across various industries underscore its significance as a valuable export commodity for the nation.

Patchouli Oil Pogostemon cablin Harvest: All Year

Indonesia continues to lead the global Patchouli oil market, maintaining its position as the world’s top producer with more than 85% of global supply originating from the archipelago. The key production regions—Sulawesi and Sumatra—are reporting stable harvests; however, logistical bottlenecks and unpredictable weather patterns remain ongoing concerns for exporters and buyers alike.

As of February 2025, prices for Patchouli oil remain firm. This represents a notable 8–10% increase since late 2024. The upward price movement is also being fuelled by a shortage of high-quality, well-aged material, which continues to command a premium in global markets. While overall output remains steady, Indonesian producers are exercising caution considering potential climate disruptions and rising transportation costs.

The market is expected to stay bullish through the first half of 2025, supported by continued consumer interest in natural, sustainable, and traceable essential oils. The immediate future may see price stabilization as new harvests enter the market, the long-term trajectory suggests sustained demand driven by the global shift towards natural products. Ensuring market stability will require addressing supply challenges, promoting sustainable farming practices and supporting farmers through education and resources to maintain the quality and availability of Indonesian patchouli oil.

Vetiver Oil Vetiveria zizanioides Harvest: January - July

Vetiver is cultivated across Indonesia, with significant production in Java and Sumatra. It is also grown in some regions of Sulawesi. The climate and soil conditions in these areas help cultivate superior product. Vetiver thrives in Indonesia’s tropical climate. It requires warmth, humidity, and abundant rainfall to prosper. It is tolerant of varied pH levels but requires well-drained soil. Rich, earthy oil is distilled from the roots of vetiver through steam distillation. Indonesian vetiver is favoured for its unique earthy, smoky, and sweet notes.

Its rich, complex aroma makes it a sought-after base note in high-end perfumes. The consistent and high quality of Indonesian vetiver oil has solidified its standing in the global market. With buyers seeking options beyond Haiti, there was a global interest in vetiver oil produced in Indonesia. Approximately 12-14 tons of oil was produced last year. There is significant demand for the oil, leading to a constant increase in price. In 2024, 1100-1300 tons of oil was produced.

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: November - January, April - July

Italy is one of the largest producers of lemon oil globally. Sicily and Calabria, with their sunny coastal areas, are the major producers of lemon in Italy. Lemon trees thrive in warm, Mediterranean climates with ample sunshine and well-drained, fertile soils. They prefer slightly acidic to neutral pH. Protection from frost is crucial for their growth. Italian lemon oil is prized for its bright, citrusy aroma, and is obtained by cold pressing of lemon peel. It is widely used in food and beverages. Lemon oil is also incorporated in skincare and fragrance products. Italian lemon oil is preferred for high-end products due to its superior aldehyde and limonene concentration. Inconsistent rainfall and warm temperatures have impacted the yield in the first half of 2025. The volumes produced are lower than early 2024. There is a slight increase in price in comparison to same time last year.

Mandarin Oil Citrus reticulata Harvest: February - May

Coastal areas of Sicily and Calabria are primary mandarin growing areas in Italy. Mandarins thrive in warm, subtropical to tropical climates. They require ample sunshine and are sensitive to frost. To preserve the oil’s delicate fragrance, it is obtained through cold pressing of mandarin peel. Italian mandarin oil is known for its exceptionally sweet, delicate, and slightly floral citrus scent. It is often considered more refined than other mandarin oils. It is a versatile product with uses in various industries, from perfumery and aromatherapy to food and beverages. Favourable weather conditions have contributed to a decent yield. In comparison to early 2024, higher volumes have been produced in 2025. Oil price though has remained stable with a slight increase noticed in niche markets.

Orange Oil Blood Citrus sinensis Harvest: December - February

Blood oranges thrive in Mediterranean climate with abundant sunshine, mild winters, and well-drained, fertile volcanic soils. Temperature variations in the region are important in developing the characteristic red pigmentation. The fertile plains near Catania and Sicily, with its unique microclimate, are the main growing regions of blood orange in Italy. Italian blood orange oil is sought after for its rich, ruby-red hue, intense, sweet-tart aroma and high anthocyanin content. Cold pressing of orange peel produces the oil. It is used in culinary preparations for its distinctive citrus note. The oil possesses mood enhancing and uplifting properties, making it beneficial in aromatherapy. Blood orange oil is also used as a middle note in the formulation of fine fragrances. Unlike 2024, production volumes in first half of 2025 are stable. Despite irregular rainfall, supply has not been impacted. A consistent demand has resulted in increase in price from last year.

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: November - July

The 2024-2025 campaign is set to bring a notable reduction in Spain’s lemon production, following last season’s record harvest. According to Ailimpo’s latest forecast, Spain’s total lemon production for the upcoming season is expected to reach 1.26 million metric tonnes (MMT), marking a 21% decrease from the 1.595 MMT recorded in 2023/2024. This decline is attributed to an 18% drop in Fino lemon production and a more pronounced 31% reduction in Verna lemons.

The Spanish lemon market will face significant challenges in balancing supply and demand. The previous campaign’s record-breaking harvest led to a situation where supply exceeded market capacity, putting downward pressure on prices and leaving many lemons unharvested. This year’s reduced harvest could alleviate some of that pressure, but market uncertainties remain. With the drop in production, attention now shifts to quality and market adjustments. The Verna lemon campaign, in particular, is expected to be shorter and more concentrated, potentially providing more opportunities for Spanish lemons in the European market before the arrival of fruit from the Southern Hemisphere. However, the effects of climate conditions on fruit sizes and overall yield will be key factors influencing the industry’s performance in the coming months.

On a global scale, Spain continues to be the world leader in organic lemons, maintaining a significant share of global production. The country’s commitment to organic farming ensures that Spanish lemons, as well as derived products such as juice and essential oil, remain a benchmark in the international market. As the season progresses, market players will closely monitor supply conditions, pricing trends, and export opportunities, particularly in light of competing production from countries such as Turkey, Italy, Greece, and Egypt. The evolving balance between production levels and demand will determine the outlook for Spain’s lemon industry in the months ahead.

Black Pepper Oil Piper nigrum L. Harvest: December - February

Black pepper cultivation in Sri Lanka is prevalent in the districts of Matale, Kandy, and Kegalle. It thrives in warm, humid tropical climates with well-drained, fertile loamy soils. It requires consistent rainfall and partial shade for optimal growth. Black pepper oil is a pungent and warming essential oil extracted via steam distillation of dried black peppercorns. It has a spicy aroma and is used by the food industry for flavouring.

Product from the next harvest will be available in May-June. The price for extracting oil locally and globally has risen. With a scarcity of the product in the global market, farmers are focused on harvesting bold material.

Cinnamon Bark Oil Cinnamomum zeylanicum Harvest: May - December

Sri Lanka is a leading producer of true cinnamon. It is renowned for its high-quality with cultivations concentrated in the southern and southwestern coastal regions. It holds a prominent position in the global market for its Ceylon cinnamon, which is highly valued for its delicate flavour and low coumarin content. Cinnamon bark oil is potent and aromatic and extracted through steam distillation of the dried inner bark of the Cinnamomum verum tree.

There is steady demand for the oil. Harvest is expected to commence towards the end of May and continue till December. Last year the off season started a little early with harvest concluding before December end. At present, raw material is sparsely available, though there is decent supply of oil in the market.

Cinnamon Leaf Oil Cinnamomum zeylanicum Harvest: March - August

Sri Lanka’s favourable climate and soil contribute to its reputation for producing high-quality cinnamon products. In Sri Lanka, cinnamon is primarily cultivated in the southern and southwestern coastal regions of Galle, Matara, and Ratnapura. Cinnamon leaf oil is extracted by steam distilling the leaves of Cinnamomum verum. It yields a less expensive oil with a spicier, harsher aroma compared to the bark oil. Bark oil also has higher cinnamaldehyde content, which gives it a sweeter, warmer profile.

Leaf oil on the other hands has higher eugenol content, lending it a spicy, clove-like scent. There is a steady demand for the oil, but the supply is limited. Next harvest cycle commences towards May end and will carry on until December. Fresh stock is expected to enter the market only around June. Last year the off season started towards the end of Q4. Low availability of raw materials and high demand have led to an increase in oil price.

Citronella Oil Cymbopogon nardus Harvest: May - December

Citronella is cultivated in Sri Lanka’s southern regions, particularly around Matara and Galle districts. The warm, humid climate and well-drained soil in the region are ideal for its growth. Citronella grass is tall, perennial, and has a distinctive citrusy aroma. It thrives in tropical climates. Sri Lanka is a significant producer of citronella oil holding a notable position in the global market.

Citronella oil is extracted through steam distillation of the leaves and stems of the grass. It is primarily used as an insect repellent. It effectively masks the scent that attracts insects making it a popular ingredient in candles, sprays, lotions, and even, wristbands. There are concerns around DEP and other contaminants in the oil. There is limited supply of the product and culture with only few farmers maintaining stock. Availability of the oil is low, and prices have firmed.

Clove Bud Oil Syzygium aromaticum Harvest: January - February

Clove requires a warm, humid tropical climate with well-drained, fertile loamy soils to prosper. Consistent rainfall and partial shade are also essential for its growth. Sri Lanka has the ideal conditions for the cultivation of clove. It is propagated mid-country and in the wet zones of Kandy, Matale, and Kegalle districts.

Clove bud oil is extracted from dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum. Clove bud oil has a sweeter, more refined aroma compared to clove leaf or stem oil. Due to its antiseptic and analgesic properties it is popular in dental care. It is also used for flavouring food and beverages. Crop harvested in December 2024 and January 2025 resulted in low production.

The trend for next harvest will only be confirmed around October when flowering begins. There is an increase in demand for clove and clove bud globally. Local stocks are getting lower and price for raw material has firmed.

Nutmeg Oil Myristica fragrans Harvest: February - May

Nutmeg is a medium-sized tropical tree that retains its foliage year around. It produces small, pale-yellow, bell-shaped flowers. Nutmeg fruit is yellowish-brown in colour. The seed inside the fruit is nutmeg, while the lacy covering is mace. Sri Lanka’s favourable terrain is responsible for producing high quality nutmeg. It is cultivated mostly in Matale, Kandy, and Kegalle. Nutmeg thrives in a warm, humid tropical climate with consistent rainfall.

It prefers well-drained, fertile loamy soils which is rich in organic matter. Partial shade is also beneficial for its growth. Nutmeg oil has a warm, spicy note and is obtained via steam distillation of dried nutmeg kernels. The oil has stimulating and pain-relieving qualities. It is used in aromatherapy and the preparation of certain medications. It is also popular in the formulations of perfumes and cosmetics. Harvest season is underway, and quality of the produce is good.

Volumes produced are comparable to last season.

Lemon Oil Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Harvest: May - July

Specific data on U.S. lemon production for the 2024-2025 season is limited in the current USDA reports. The lemon oil, is projected to grow steadily and is forecasted to increase by 8 percent, reaching 1.0 million tons. This growth is attributed to higher yields in California, driven by favorable weather conditions. As a result of the increased production, both fruit allocated for processing and exports are projected to rise. Additionally, imports are expected to increase to help meet on going domestic demand.

Orange Oil Citrus sinensis Harvest: February - May

The latest USDA report forecasts a decline in U.S. orange production for the 2024-2025 season. The total orange output is projected at 2.42 million tons, a 12% decrease from the previous season. Florida production is expected to be 11.6 million boxes (522,000 tons), down 35% from last season. California’s total orange production is forecasted at 46.5 million boxes (1.86 million tons), a 2% decrease from the prior year.

These reductions are primarily due to adverse weather conditions and disease pressures affecting key growing regions. Given this downturn in orange production, the availability of orange oil is anticipated to tighten. This constrained supply may lead to increased prices in the orange oil market.

Basil Oil Ocimum basilicum L. Harvest: November - February

Basil is an herbaceous plant belonging to the mint family. Vietnam cultivates various basil species, particularly in the Mekong Delta and central highlands. Basil prefers tropical to subtropical climate with consistent moisture. It thrives in warm, sunny conditions with well-drained, fertile soil.

Steam distillation of the leaves and flowering tops is the primary method to obtain basil oil. It is widely used in aromatherapy for its uplifting and stress-relieving properties. It is also used in traditional medicine and as a flavouring agent in food. There is good supply of basil oil in the market. Oil production in 2024 was approximately 10 MT. Crop for 2025 is expected to arrive in three months. At present, farmers are in the process of nurturing seedlings and transplantation is expected to begin soon. Since the 2024 crop ended, prices have seen a decline. Though they are expected to remain stable until the upcoming harvest in June.

Cassia Oil Cinnamomum cassia Harvest: July - December

Vietnam is a significant producer of cassia with cultivations concentrated in the mountainous regions of Yen Bai and Quang Nam provinces. Cassia trees thrive in tropical climates with high humidity and rainfall. They prefer well-drained, fertile soils, often found on slopes. Year round warm temperatures are essential for its growth.

Steam distillation of dried bark yields cassia oil. Its robust flavour and aroma make it a popular and versatile ingredient. Cassia oil is used as a flavouring agent in food and beverages. It is also used by the fragrance industry to create formulations for perfumes and soaps. Production of oil is underway with sufficient raw material supply to meet demand until the next harvest cycle in April 2025. Cassia is harvested twice a year, between April to June and September to December. There is adequate oil supply in the market, but the demand is lower than expected. This has resulted in a decrease in price.